History Outlined
Joseph Overseer of the Pharaoh's Granaries by Tissot
I don't know about you but I have a hard time keeping all the various stories, characters, and dates in my mind in the right order. I have ALWAYS struggled with memorization. Ask me to describe the reasons behind the French Revolution and I can go on and on. Ask me the specific dates...and I start hesitating, hemming, and hawing.
I've been working on outlining the principle actions and critical points in history for a while now. The more I work on it, the more I realize what a monster project it is. The farther back it goes the less clear it becomes so any enlightenment on the dating would be appreciated.
I've been working on outlining the principle actions and critical points in history for a while now. The more I work on it, the more I realize what a monster project it is. The farther back it goes the less clear it becomes so any enlightenment on the dating would be appreciated.
Prehistory
God created the world (see Creation Account on other page)
Adam and Eve sin
Cain kills Abel
Noah's Flood (Genesis 6:1-7:24)
God's covenant with Noah (Genesis 9:1-17)
Noah's sons (Genesis 9:18-10:1)Descendants of Japheth (Genesis 10:2-5; 1 Chronicles 1:5-7)
Descendants of Ham (Genesis 10:6-20; 1 Chronicles 1:8-16)
Descendants of Shem (Genesis 10:21-30)
Adam and Eve sin
Cain kills Abel
Noah's Flood (Genesis 6:1-7:24)
God's covenant with Noah (Genesis 9:1-17)
Noah's sons (Genesis 9:18-10:1)Descendants of Japheth (Genesis 10:2-5; 1 Chronicles 1:5-7)
Descendants of Ham (Genesis 10:6-20; 1 Chronicles 1:8-16)
Descendants of Shem (Genesis 10:21-30)
10,000 BC - 5,000 BC
Reconstruction of Jericho by Michael Godfrey
10,000-8000 BC Humanity learned to farm. By domesticating plants and animals, they could now grow and store food and having a surplus of food meant being able to establish permanent, year-round homes. It also created the ability to support larger populations, and not all of those people had to work at acquiring food. This, in turn, led to the development of other skills such as arts and crafts, sciences, politics, and religion. Towns and cities were built, and all the necessities and inventions that go with them. The Agricultural Revolution is known as the seed of human civilization. Some argue that the last people were migrating across the Bering land bridge (where the Bering Sea now lies) to North America. According to research done by Scott A. Elias and his colleagues, that land bridge was flooded around 8,500 BC.
8000 BC The world’s first known permanent settlements were founded in the Fertile Crescent, a semi-circular area of land in the Middle East that stretches from present-day Iraq to Egypt. The regular floods of the great rivers there – the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Jordan, and the Nile – created fertile lands that were perfect for farming. The settlements were built around the cultivation of wheat, barley, lentil, and peas, and the domestication of sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs. The world’s oldest known settlement, Jericho, was founded at this time in the Jordan Valley. Tools were still principally made of stone. The world population was about 5 million.
7000 BC There was extensive trade and transfer of knowledge between the growing settlements in the Fertile Crescent. Catal Huyuk, possibly the first walled town (rather than a scattered collection of huts), was founded in modern-day Turkey, with irrigated crops. Pottery, an important invention for the storage of food, was now being made in many parts of the world.
6500-2900 BC Neolithic Period
6000 BC The people in the Fertile Crescent weren’t the only ones to discover farming. Farming-based settlements sprang up independently in China, the Americas, and sub-Saharan Africa.
5000-3500 BC Tower of Babel - (Genesis 11:1-9) A Sumerian story with some similar elements is preserved in the epic Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. Not only the Tower but the ancient division of languages is described. According to the Enmerkar Epic, lines 141-46, there was originally one language and everyone came to worship Enlil with one tongue. Several factors must be taken into account when attempting to date the Biblical account. Baked brick was developed c.3100 BC. Ziggurats were heavily developed during the Early Dynastic Period, c. 2500 BC (though prototypes can be found as far back as the Late Uruk phase, c.3200 BC). One must also consider the development of urbanization which began to be seen around 2800 BC and the first evidence of government by a ruling assembly which can be found in the Early Dynastic I, c. 2900 BC. However, we have to realize the the Tower was a failed prototype and thus could have occurred centuries before what we've been able to discover in our archaeological digs. If we keep that in mind and consider the linguistic development and settlement patterns in Mesopotamia, the Ubaid period (c.5000-3500 BC) becomes the focus of our search. The principal site of the Ubaid period is Eridu. Predynastic Egyptian cultures develop (5500–3100 B.C.); begin using agriculture (c. 5000 B.C.).
5000 BC Large towns were flourishing in the world’s great river basins: the Tigris and Euphrates (the Middle East), the Nile (North Africa), the Indus (southern Asia), and the Yellow River (eastern Asia). Permanent farming settlements existed at this point on every continent except Antarctica and Australia (where they didn’t appear until Europeans arrived there in the 1800s AD). Corn was cultivated in Mexico, mangoes in Southeast Asia.
8000 BC The world’s first known permanent settlements were founded in the Fertile Crescent, a semi-circular area of land in the Middle East that stretches from present-day Iraq to Egypt. The regular floods of the great rivers there – the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Jordan, and the Nile – created fertile lands that were perfect for farming. The settlements were built around the cultivation of wheat, barley, lentil, and peas, and the domestication of sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs. The world’s oldest known settlement, Jericho, was founded at this time in the Jordan Valley. Tools were still principally made of stone. The world population was about 5 million.
7000 BC There was extensive trade and transfer of knowledge between the growing settlements in the Fertile Crescent. Catal Huyuk, possibly the first walled town (rather than a scattered collection of huts), was founded in modern-day Turkey, with irrigated crops. Pottery, an important invention for the storage of food, was now being made in many parts of the world.
6500-2900 BC Neolithic Period
6000 BC The people in the Fertile Crescent weren’t the only ones to discover farming. Farming-based settlements sprang up independently in China, the Americas, and sub-Saharan Africa.
5000-3500 BC Tower of Babel - (Genesis 11:1-9) A Sumerian story with some similar elements is preserved in the epic Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. Not only the Tower but the ancient division of languages is described. According to the Enmerkar Epic, lines 141-46, there was originally one language and everyone came to worship Enlil with one tongue. Several factors must be taken into account when attempting to date the Biblical account. Baked brick was developed c.3100 BC. Ziggurats were heavily developed during the Early Dynastic Period, c. 2500 BC (though prototypes can be found as far back as the Late Uruk phase, c.3200 BC). One must also consider the development of urbanization which began to be seen around 2800 BC and the first evidence of government by a ruling assembly which can be found in the Early Dynastic I, c. 2900 BC. However, we have to realize the the Tower was a failed prototype and thus could have occurred centuries before what we've been able to discover in our archaeological digs. If we keep that in mind and consider the linguistic development and settlement patterns in Mesopotamia, the Ubaid period (c.5000-3500 BC) becomes the focus of our search. The principal site of the Ubaid period is Eridu. Predynastic Egyptian cultures develop (5500–3100 B.C.); begin using agriculture (c. 5000 B.C.).
5000 BC Large towns were flourishing in the world’s great river basins: the Tigris and Euphrates (the Middle East), the Nile (North Africa), the Indus (southern Asia), and the Yellow River (eastern Asia). Permanent farming settlements existed at this point on every continent except Antarctica and Australia (where they didn’t appear until Europeans arrived there in the 1800s AD). Corn was cultivated in Mexico, mangoes in Southeast Asia.
5000 BC - 2500
4241 BC Earliest recorded date in Egyptian calendar.
4000 BC In Mesopotamia (the Tigris-Euphrates river valley), copper began to replace stone in tool making. The first plow was invented, greatly increasing crop output. Advances in food production caused a huge spike in world population growth. Agriculture spread throughout Europe.
3760 BC First year of Jewish calendar.
3500 BC Sumer civilization began in Mesopotamia with city-states ruled by kings worshipped as gods. Trade and warfare between them spurred great leaps in technology, such as the potter’s wheel and cuneiform script, the first known system of writing. The first phonetic writing appears. The sail was invented in Egypt, further increasing travel and the transfer of knowledge within and beyond the Fertile Crescent. Copper used by Egyptians and Sumerians. Western Europe is neolithic, without metals or written records.
3200 BC King Menes united the city-states along the Nile and became Egypt’s first pharaoh erecting his capital at Memphis. Slightly south, Nubian Kush culture in northern Sudan, one of the earliest known black African civilizations, developed on the upper Nile River, trading gold, ivory, and ebony with Egypt. Sumerians invented the wheel. They also mixed tin with copper to invent a new, harder metal – bronze – improving tool and weapon making. Sumerians and Egyptians developed number systems, mathematics, and astronomy.
3100-2686 BC Early Egyptian dynastic period, with a succession of kings that strengthened the unification of the two Egypts.
3000-2900 BC Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing. They began to brew beer. About this time papyrus began to be used. Sumerians invented glassmaking; Chinese invented silk. Sumerian mathematicians divided the day into 24 hours and hours into 60 minutes. The world population stood at about 14 million. Gilgamesh Epic was written about this time.
2900-2000 BC Bronze Age. Early Aegean cultures
2700 BC The 365 -day calendar was invented in Egypt (for Egyptians new year started with June). Egypt, Babylon, India and China all had a systematic astronomy of some kind.
2680 BC King Khufu (Cheops) completed the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza
2686-2613 BC Third Egyptian Dynasty Zoser built the first pyramid - Step Pyramid - at Sakkara, with the help of the chief architect and priest Imhotep.
2600-2500 BC Kufu (Cheops) built the Great Pyramid at Giza, followed by Chephren with a second pyramid and the Sphinx and Mycerinus with another pyramid. Minoan civilization developed. Semitic tribes were settling in Assyria. The Hebrew civilization was developing in the Middle East, Olmec civilization in southern Mexico and Central America. The Chinese invented a potter’s wheel. Sumer had the first standing army.
2540 BC The Great Sphinx of Giza was built by King Khafre.
4000 BC In Mesopotamia (the Tigris-Euphrates river valley), copper began to replace stone in tool making. The first plow was invented, greatly increasing crop output. Advances in food production caused a huge spike in world population growth. Agriculture spread throughout Europe.
3760 BC First year of Jewish calendar.
3500 BC Sumer civilization began in Mesopotamia with city-states ruled by kings worshipped as gods. Trade and warfare between them spurred great leaps in technology, such as the potter’s wheel and cuneiform script, the first known system of writing. The first phonetic writing appears. The sail was invented in Egypt, further increasing travel and the transfer of knowledge within and beyond the Fertile Crescent. Copper used by Egyptians and Sumerians. Western Europe is neolithic, without metals or written records.
3200 BC King Menes united the city-states along the Nile and became Egypt’s first pharaoh erecting his capital at Memphis. Slightly south, Nubian Kush culture in northern Sudan, one of the earliest known black African civilizations, developed on the upper Nile River, trading gold, ivory, and ebony with Egypt. Sumerians invented the wheel. They also mixed tin with copper to invent a new, harder metal – bronze – improving tool and weapon making. Sumerians and Egyptians developed number systems, mathematics, and astronomy.
3100-2686 BC Early Egyptian dynastic period, with a succession of kings that strengthened the unification of the two Egypts.
3000-2900 BC Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing. They began to brew beer. About this time papyrus began to be used. Sumerians invented glassmaking; Chinese invented silk. Sumerian mathematicians divided the day into 24 hours and hours into 60 minutes. The world population stood at about 14 million. Gilgamesh Epic was written about this time.
2900-2000 BC Bronze Age. Early Aegean cultures
2700 BC The 365 -day calendar was invented in Egypt (for Egyptians new year started with June). Egypt, Babylon, India and China all had a systematic astronomy of some kind.
2680 BC King Khufu (Cheops) completed the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza
2686-2613 BC Third Egyptian Dynasty Zoser built the first pyramid - Step Pyramid - at Sakkara, with the help of the chief architect and priest Imhotep.
2600-2500 BC Kufu (Cheops) built the Great Pyramid at Giza, followed by Chephren with a second pyramid and the Sphinx and Mycerinus with another pyramid. Minoan civilization developed. Semitic tribes were settling in Assyria. The Hebrew civilization was developing in the Middle East, Olmec civilization in southern Mexico and Central America. The Chinese invented a potter’s wheel. Sumer had the first standing army.
2540 BC The Great Sphinx of Giza was built by King Khafre.
2,500 BC - 1,200 BC
City of Lagash in Mesopotamia
c. 2500-2000 BC Ebla Tablets – (Sumerian, Eblaite) – Thousands of commercial, legal, literary, and epistolary texts describe the cultural vitality and political power of a pre-patriarchal civilization in northern Syria.
c2494-2345 BC During the 5th Egyptian dynasty, worship of sun god Ra became the predominant religion.
2300 BC After years of war, King Sargon of Akkad (in northern Iraq) succeeded in conquering Sumerian city-states to the south, then conquered his neighbors to the north and west. Result: the world’s first empire (or multiethnic state). The Akkadian Empire eventually stretched from Mesopotamia to present-day Turkey and Lebanon. The Egyptians invented paper, using the papyrus plant.
2270 to 2215 BC Sargon built one of the first multi-ethnic empires in Mesopotamia.
2200 BC The Hsia Dynasty, the first recorded dynasty, was founded in China. They had domesticated horses, and cultivated rice and millet. Barbarian Gutians from what is now Iran invaded Sumer and destroyed the capital city of Agade (in Akkad). People in Central America made pottery. A map of the Mesopotamian city of Lagash was carved in stone in the lap of a statue of a god; it is the oldest surviving map of a city. Atrahasis Epic – (Akkadian) A cosmological epic depicts creation and early human history, including the flood (cf. Gen. 1-9).
Though the account is undated, it was probably around this time that Job went through his ordeal (c.2200-1800 see meforshim "When was Job written?)
Prologue (Job 1:1-5)
Job’s first test (Job 1:6-22)
Job’s second test (Job 2:1-10)
Job’s three friends share his anguish (Job 2:11-13)
Job’s first speech (Job 3:1-26)
Eliphaz’s first response to Job (Job 4:1-5:27)
Job’s second speech: a response to Eliphaz (Job 6:1-7:5)
Job cries out to God (Job 7:6-21)
Bildad’s first response to Job (Job 8:1-22)
Job’s third speech: a response to Bildad (Job 9:1-35)
Job frames his plea to God (Job 10:1-22)
Zophar’s first response to Job (Job 11:1-20)
Job’s fourth speech: a response to Zophar (Job 12:1-25)
Job wants to argue his case with God (Job 13:1-19)
Job asks how he has sinned (Job 13:20-14:22)
Eliphaz’s second response to Job (Job 15:1-35)
Job’s fifth speech: a response to Eliphaz (Job 16:1-22)
Job continues to defend his innocence (Job 17:1-16)
Bildad’s second response to Job (Job 18:1-21)
Job’s sixth speech: a response to Bildad (Job 19:1-29)
Zophar’s second response to Job (Job 20:1-29)
Job’s seventh speech: a response to Zophar (Job 21:1-34)
Eliphaz’s third response to Job (Job 22:1-30)
Job’s eighth speech: a response to Eliphaz (Job 23:1-17)
Job asks why the wicked are not punished (Job 24:1-25)
Bildad’s third response to Job (Job 25:1-6)
Job’s ninth speech: a response to Bildad (Job 26:1-14)
Job’s final speech (Job 27:1-23)
Job speaks of wisdom and understanding (Job 28:1-28)
Job speaks of his former blessings (Job 29:1-25)
Job speaks of his anguish (Job 30:1-31)
Job’s final protest of innocence (Job 31:1-40)
Elihu responds to Job’s friends (Job 32:1-22)
Elihu presents his case against Job (Job 33:1-33)
Elihu accuses Job of arrogance (Job 34:1-37)
Elihu reminds Job of God’s justice (Job 35:1-36:21)
Elihu reminds Job of God’s power (Job 36:22-37:24)
The Lord challenges Job (Job 38:1-40:2)
Job responds to the Lord (Job 40:3-5)
The Lord challenges Job (Job 40:6-41:34)
Job responds to the Lord (Job 42:1-6)
Conclusion: The Lord blesses Job (Job 42:7-17)
c2181-2040 BC During the First Intermediate Period of Egypt, the power of provincial governors was increased through the 6th dynasty, which led to the breakdown of central authority. Chaos developed throughout the country. This was the period of the upsurge of the cult of Osiris.
2175 BC Gudea rules Lagash. The oldest preserved standard of length is the foot of a statue of the ruler Gudea of Lagash; it was divided into 16 parts and was 10.41 inches long.
2170 BC The Sumerians used a 360-day year, 12-month solar calendar along with a 354-day lunar calendar; the calendar had an extra month every eight years to keep it in step with the seasons.
2166 BC Abram's birth
From Shem to Abram (Genesis 11:10-26)
The family of Terah (Genesis 11:27-31)
2150 BC Eighty bluestones are set up (two circles) at Stonehenge (England) for some unknown but probably astronomical reason. It was probably built in three phases spanning 3000 to 1500 BC. Queen Semiramis builds a tunnel below the Euphrates River linking the royal palace of Babylon with the Temple of Jupiter.
2110 BC Ur-Nammu of Ur unified Sumer and Akkad establishing the last dynasty of Sumer. Ur-Nammu is perhaps the first to write a rule of law.
c2100 BC Mentuhotep II, first king of the 11th dynasty reunited Egypt, and established the capital at Thebes. The kings of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (2100-1991 BC) were Mentuhptep II, III, IV.
2100 BC Mentuhotep II, first king of the 11th dynasty reunites Egypt, and established the capital at Thebes; The last dynasty of Sumer is founded by Ur-Nammu; Ur is an empire and Ur-Nammu writes a rule of law (perhaps the first); Egypt moves south to establish the Middle Kingdom (7th Dynasty); Aryans invade Indus Valley
2090 BC Some years later, when Abram was grown and married and still living with his father in Haran, the Lord called Abram to go to a new land. (Genesis 12:1-9)Abram and Sarai in Egypt (Genesis 12:10-20)
Abram and Lot Separate (Genesis 13:1-18)
Abram rescues Lot (Genesis 14:1-16)
Melchizedek Blesses Abram (Genesis 14:17-24)
The Lord’s covenant with Abram (Genesis 15:1-21) This is the earliest timed prophecy in the Bible. Compare this to Acts 7:6. The Hebrew translation is correctly “lands” but translated by presumption as “land” in English. The 400 years consisted of two periods of time n two different lands, as tied together by Amos 5:26-27 cp. Acts 7:43. The first period of 215 years in Egypt (Josephus Antiquities 11 15:2) from 1766 to 1552 BC. The period of 430 years (Exodus 12:41) was from Abraham’s covenant and entry into Canaan until the Exodus (Exodus 12:41 [LXX]; Galatians 3:17), not just the time in Egypt. The second part of the 400 years was 185 years of the Assyrian/Babylonian captivity from the fall fo Samaria in 722 to Cyrus’ decree of release in 538 BC. The Northern Kingdom of Israel had received the “firstborn” rights through Ephraim (1 Chronicles 5:1); Genesis 48:17-20; 1 Kings 11:31-32), and thus represented Abraham’s descendants. The prophecy was fulfilled exactly by adding the separate times. Other prophecies also fit this pattern of multiple periods. Some interpretations of Gabriel’s prophecy to Daniel (9:24-27) split off the seventieth week into the future.
2080 BC Ishmael born (Genesis 16:1-16)
****** I've worked on adjusting the dates back to this point, due to the ripple effect of placing the Exodus at 1552. The work needs to continue back in time until the proper balance point is found. The difference is minimal from a historic perspective; a mere century. Yet it may have some important archaeological and apologetic ramifications so...I keep laboring. *****
2067 BC Abram is renamed Abraham (Genesis 17:1-8); the sign of circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14); Sarai is renamed Sarah (Genesis 17:15-27); a son is promised to Sarah (Genesis 18:1-15); Abraham intercedes for Sodom (Genesis 18:16-33); Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed (Genesis 19:1-29); Lot and His daughters (Genesis 19:30-38); Abraham deceives Abimelech (Genesis 20:1-18)
2066 BC The birth of Isaac (Genesis 21:1-7)
2062 BC Hagar and Ishmael sent away (Genesis 21:8-21)
A Treaty With Abimelech (Genesis 21:22-34)
2050 BC The Akedah - Abraham shows his willingness to offer Isaac (Genesis 22:1-24); Ur III texts; The burial of Sarah (Genesis 23:1-20)
2040 – 1991 BC Eleventh Dynasty Egypt. The kings were: Mentuhptep II, III, IV
2031 BC The death of Terah (Genesis 11:32)
2030 BC Elamites disrupt the unity of Sumer and Akkad
2026 BC Isaac marries Rebekah (Genesis 24:1-67); Abraham's descendants (Genesis 25:1-4; 1 Chronicles 32-33) What follows took place sometime after Sarah's death (cp Genesis 23:1-20)Ishmael's descendants (Genesis 25:12-18; 1 Chronicles 1:34)
2006 BC Jacob and Esau born (Genesis 25:19-26)
2000 BC The Minoan civilization on Crete in the Greek islands reached its height. The Minoans were very prosperous, with the world’s first “leisure society”: a large part of even the common person’s time was focused on leisure activities, such as sports. They were also the first to have indoor plumbing and flush toilets. The Phoenicians were now the primary traders in the region, carrying news of the latest technology from port to port, which made them instrumental in the spread of civilization. Enuma Elish (Akkadian) Marduk, the Babylonian god of cosmic order, is elevated to the supreme position in the pantheon. The seven tablet epic contains an account of creation (cf Genesis 1-2). Gilgamesh Epic (Akkadian) Gilgamesh, ruler of Uruk (Biblical Erech, see Genesis 10:10), experiences numerous adventures, including a meeting with Utnapishtim, the only survivor of a great deluge (cf Genesis 6-9). This period marks the beginning of settled agriculture in the Niger River Valley. Ur was destroyed by Elamites, ending the Sumerian control of Mesopotamia. The Jomon culture increased in Japan. Europe’s Bronze Age began in Europe around this time. Native North-Americans settled in permanent villages, domesticated dogs, and cultivated manioc, squash, maize, and beans.
1991 BC Abraham died (Genesis 25:7-11) when Esau and Jacob were about fifteen years old (cp. Genesis 21:4-5 and Genesis 25:26)
1990 BC The Hebrews wandered as shepherds in the land of Canaan.
Esau sells his birthright (Genesis 25:27-34); Isaac deceives Abimelech (Genesis 26:1-11); Conflict over water rights (Genesis 26:12-25); A treaty with Abimelech (Genesis 26:26-35)
1950 BC Sesostris I of Egypt invaded Canaan; Ur Empire ended; Mycenaeans settle in Greece, a thriving civilization, trading with Crete.
1944 BC Isaac died
1925 BC Hittites conquered Babylon
1830 BC First Dynasty of Babylonian kings
1929 BC Jacob steals Esau's blessing (Genesis 27:1-40); Jacob flees to Paddan-Aram (Genesis 27:41-28:5); Esau marries Ishmael's daughter (Genesis 28:6-9); Jacob's dream at Bethel (Genesis 28:10-22); Jacob arrives at Paddan-Aram (Genesis 29:1-14a); Jacob marries Leah and Rachel (Genesis 29:14b-30); Jacob’s many children (Genesis 29:31-30:24); Jacob’s wealth Increases (Genesis 30:25-43)
1915 BC Joseph born.
1909 BC Jacob Flees from Laban (Genesis 31:1-21); Laban pursues Jacob (Genesis 31:22-42); Jacob’s treaty with Laban (Genesis 31:43-55); Jacob sends gifts to Esau (Genesis 32:1-21); Jacob wrestles with God (Genesis 32:22-32); Jacob and Esau make peace (Genesis 33:1-20); Revenge against Shechem (Genesis 34:1-31); Jacob’s return to Bethel (Genesis 35:1-15); The death of Rachel (Genesis 35:16-27); Descendants of Esau (Genesis 36:1-19; 1 Chronicles 1:35-37)
1900 BCOriginal Peoples of Edom (Genesis 36:20-30; 1 Chronicles 1:38-42); Rulers of Edom (Genesis 36:31-43; 1 Chronicles 1:43-54); Descendants of Israel (1 Chronicles 2:1-2)
1898 BC Joseph’s dreams (Genesis 37:1-17); Joseph sold into slavery (Genesis 37:18-36); Judah and Tamar (Genesis 38:1-30); Descendants of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:3-6; 8); Joseph in Potiphar’s house (Genesis 39:1-18); Joseph put in prison (Genesis 39:19-23)
1887 BC Joseph interprets two dreams (Genesis 40:1-23)
1886 BC The death of Isaac (Genesis 35:28-29)
1885 BC Pharaoh’s Dreams (Genesis 41:1-36) Two years had passed since Joseph had interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh’s chief cup-bearer and chief baker. Joseph made ruler of Egypt (Genesis 41:37-57)
1800 BC Cappadocian texts
1877 BC Joseph’s brothers go to Egypt (Genesis 42:1-38)
1866 BC The brother’s return to Egypt (Genesis 43:1-18). By this time two full years of famine had passed (Genesis 41:54). A feast at Joseph’s palace (Genesis 43:19-34); Joseph’s silver cup (Genesis 44:1-17); Judah speaks for his brothers (Genesis 44:18-34); Joseph reveals his identity (Genesis 45:1-15); Pharaoh invites Jacob to Egypt (Genesis 45:16-28); Jacob’s journey to Egypt (Genesis 46:1-27); Jacob’s family arrives in Goshen (Genesis 46:28-34); Jacob entered Egypt during a period of chaos known as the Second Intermediate Period. Jacob blesses Pharaoh (Genesis 47:1-12); Joseph’s leadership in famine (Genesis 47:13-27)
1859 BC Jacob’s death draws near (Genesis 47:28-31); Jacob blesses Manasseh and Ephraim (Genesis 48:1-22); Jacob blesses his sons (Genesis 49:1-28); Jacob’s death and burial (Genesis 49:29-50:13); Joseph reassures his brothers (Genesis 50:14-21).
1805 BC The death of Joseph at 110 (Genesis 50:22-26). The account of Exodus is traditionally thought to have begun approximately three hundred years after Joseph's death.
1860 BC Construction of Stonehenge in Britain begins.
1800 BC The Babylonians had conquered and assimilated the Akkadian Empire. Among their achievements: they developed multiplication tables; invented the first windmills to pump water for irrigation; and created the world’s first written laws called Hammurabi’s Code. Judaism was founded around this time by Abraham. Horse-drawn chariots were used in Egypt. The Chinese became the first civilization to record an eclipse.
1780 BC Mari Texts. Hammurabi's Code (Akkadian). Together with similar law codes that preceded and followed it, the Code of Hammurabi exhibits close parallels to numerous passages in Halakha that would be given a little more than two centuries later.
1760 BC The Shang Dynasty was founded in China
1750 BC Ishtar’s Descent – (Akkadian) The goddess Ishtar temporarily descends to the nether world, which is pictured in terms reminiscent of the Tanakh's descriptions of Sheol.
1730 BC Hyksos (Semitic Tribe) invasion of Egypt begins, founding the 15th Dynasty. Hebrew slavery began
1728 BC Hammurabi of Sumer unites the scattered cities of Mesopotamia back into the empire of Babylon.
c1700-1550 BC During Egypt’s Second Intermediate Period, the 13th dynasty collapsed after a succession of short-lived and little known kings.
c1674 BC Memphis fell to the Hyksos, also known as the Shepherd Kings
1663 BC The pharaoh "who did not know Joseph" (Exodus 1: 8) was likely the Hyksos, Salatis, who took control of the Egyptian delta about 1663.
1632 BC Moses born (see 1592 and 1552 below for reasoning)
1600 BC As traders, the Phoenicians needed a better record-keeping system, so they developed a phonetic alphabet, for the first time using written characters to represent sounds, rather than objects and concepts. It was the basis of our modern alphabet. Hittites invented iron forged weapons and many siege tactics.
1595 BC Hittites ended the Old Babylonian Empire (lasted 400 years)
1592 BC Moses leaves Egypt after killing a man. Acts 7:23 says that Moses was 40 years old when he left and Acts 7:30 says that it was 40 years later when he was confronted by Hashem in the burning bush. I believe his calling and the Exodus took place around 1552 (see below) so 40 years prior to that would be 1592.
1570 BC Temple of Amun at Karnak begins. The Hyksos begin to be expelled from Egypt. Amhose I founds the 18th dynasty; beginning of the New Kingdom; the construction of the temple of Amun at Karnak begins.
1552 BC The Israelites in Egypt (Exodus 1:1-22)
c2494-2345 BC During the 5th Egyptian dynasty, worship of sun god Ra became the predominant religion.
2300 BC After years of war, King Sargon of Akkad (in northern Iraq) succeeded in conquering Sumerian city-states to the south, then conquered his neighbors to the north and west. Result: the world’s first empire (or multiethnic state). The Akkadian Empire eventually stretched from Mesopotamia to present-day Turkey and Lebanon. The Egyptians invented paper, using the papyrus plant.
2270 to 2215 BC Sargon built one of the first multi-ethnic empires in Mesopotamia.
2200 BC The Hsia Dynasty, the first recorded dynasty, was founded in China. They had domesticated horses, and cultivated rice and millet. Barbarian Gutians from what is now Iran invaded Sumer and destroyed the capital city of Agade (in Akkad). People in Central America made pottery. A map of the Mesopotamian city of Lagash was carved in stone in the lap of a statue of a god; it is the oldest surviving map of a city. Atrahasis Epic – (Akkadian) A cosmological epic depicts creation and early human history, including the flood (cf. Gen. 1-9).
Though the account is undated, it was probably around this time that Job went through his ordeal (c.2200-1800 see meforshim "When was Job written?)
Prologue (Job 1:1-5)
Job’s first test (Job 1:6-22)
Job’s second test (Job 2:1-10)
Job’s three friends share his anguish (Job 2:11-13)
Job’s first speech (Job 3:1-26)
Eliphaz’s first response to Job (Job 4:1-5:27)
Job’s second speech: a response to Eliphaz (Job 6:1-7:5)
Job cries out to God (Job 7:6-21)
Bildad’s first response to Job (Job 8:1-22)
Job’s third speech: a response to Bildad (Job 9:1-35)
Job frames his plea to God (Job 10:1-22)
Zophar’s first response to Job (Job 11:1-20)
Job’s fourth speech: a response to Zophar (Job 12:1-25)
Job wants to argue his case with God (Job 13:1-19)
Job asks how he has sinned (Job 13:20-14:22)
Eliphaz’s second response to Job (Job 15:1-35)
Job’s fifth speech: a response to Eliphaz (Job 16:1-22)
Job continues to defend his innocence (Job 17:1-16)
Bildad’s second response to Job (Job 18:1-21)
Job’s sixth speech: a response to Bildad (Job 19:1-29)
Zophar’s second response to Job (Job 20:1-29)
Job’s seventh speech: a response to Zophar (Job 21:1-34)
Eliphaz’s third response to Job (Job 22:1-30)
Job’s eighth speech: a response to Eliphaz (Job 23:1-17)
Job asks why the wicked are not punished (Job 24:1-25)
Bildad’s third response to Job (Job 25:1-6)
Job’s ninth speech: a response to Bildad (Job 26:1-14)
Job’s final speech (Job 27:1-23)
Job speaks of wisdom and understanding (Job 28:1-28)
Job speaks of his former blessings (Job 29:1-25)
Job speaks of his anguish (Job 30:1-31)
Job’s final protest of innocence (Job 31:1-40)
Elihu responds to Job’s friends (Job 32:1-22)
Elihu presents his case against Job (Job 33:1-33)
Elihu accuses Job of arrogance (Job 34:1-37)
Elihu reminds Job of God’s justice (Job 35:1-36:21)
Elihu reminds Job of God’s power (Job 36:22-37:24)
The Lord challenges Job (Job 38:1-40:2)
Job responds to the Lord (Job 40:3-5)
The Lord challenges Job (Job 40:6-41:34)
Job responds to the Lord (Job 42:1-6)
Conclusion: The Lord blesses Job (Job 42:7-17)
c2181-2040 BC During the First Intermediate Period of Egypt, the power of provincial governors was increased through the 6th dynasty, which led to the breakdown of central authority. Chaos developed throughout the country. This was the period of the upsurge of the cult of Osiris.
2175 BC Gudea rules Lagash. The oldest preserved standard of length is the foot of a statue of the ruler Gudea of Lagash; it was divided into 16 parts and was 10.41 inches long.
2170 BC The Sumerians used a 360-day year, 12-month solar calendar along with a 354-day lunar calendar; the calendar had an extra month every eight years to keep it in step with the seasons.
2166 BC Abram's birth
From Shem to Abram (Genesis 11:10-26)
The family of Terah (Genesis 11:27-31)
2150 BC Eighty bluestones are set up (two circles) at Stonehenge (England) for some unknown but probably astronomical reason. It was probably built in three phases spanning 3000 to 1500 BC. Queen Semiramis builds a tunnel below the Euphrates River linking the royal palace of Babylon with the Temple of Jupiter.
2110 BC Ur-Nammu of Ur unified Sumer and Akkad establishing the last dynasty of Sumer. Ur-Nammu is perhaps the first to write a rule of law.
c2100 BC Mentuhotep II, first king of the 11th dynasty reunited Egypt, and established the capital at Thebes. The kings of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (2100-1991 BC) were Mentuhptep II, III, IV.
2100 BC Mentuhotep II, first king of the 11th dynasty reunites Egypt, and established the capital at Thebes; The last dynasty of Sumer is founded by Ur-Nammu; Ur is an empire and Ur-Nammu writes a rule of law (perhaps the first); Egypt moves south to establish the Middle Kingdom (7th Dynasty); Aryans invade Indus Valley
2090 BC Some years later, when Abram was grown and married and still living with his father in Haran, the Lord called Abram to go to a new land. (Genesis 12:1-9)Abram and Sarai in Egypt (Genesis 12:10-20)
Abram and Lot Separate (Genesis 13:1-18)
Abram rescues Lot (Genesis 14:1-16)
Melchizedek Blesses Abram (Genesis 14:17-24)
The Lord’s covenant with Abram (Genesis 15:1-21) This is the earliest timed prophecy in the Bible. Compare this to Acts 7:6. The Hebrew translation is correctly “lands” but translated by presumption as “land” in English. The 400 years consisted of two periods of time n two different lands, as tied together by Amos 5:26-27 cp. Acts 7:43. The first period of 215 years in Egypt (Josephus Antiquities 11 15:2) from 1766 to 1552 BC. The period of 430 years (Exodus 12:41) was from Abraham’s covenant and entry into Canaan until the Exodus (Exodus 12:41 [LXX]; Galatians 3:17), not just the time in Egypt. The second part of the 400 years was 185 years of the Assyrian/Babylonian captivity from the fall fo Samaria in 722 to Cyrus’ decree of release in 538 BC. The Northern Kingdom of Israel had received the “firstborn” rights through Ephraim (1 Chronicles 5:1); Genesis 48:17-20; 1 Kings 11:31-32), and thus represented Abraham’s descendants. The prophecy was fulfilled exactly by adding the separate times. Other prophecies also fit this pattern of multiple periods. Some interpretations of Gabriel’s prophecy to Daniel (9:24-27) split off the seventieth week into the future.
2080 BC Ishmael born (Genesis 16:1-16)
****** I've worked on adjusting the dates back to this point, due to the ripple effect of placing the Exodus at 1552. The work needs to continue back in time until the proper balance point is found. The difference is minimal from a historic perspective; a mere century. Yet it may have some important archaeological and apologetic ramifications so...I keep laboring. *****
2067 BC Abram is renamed Abraham (Genesis 17:1-8); the sign of circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14); Sarai is renamed Sarah (Genesis 17:15-27); a son is promised to Sarah (Genesis 18:1-15); Abraham intercedes for Sodom (Genesis 18:16-33); Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed (Genesis 19:1-29); Lot and His daughters (Genesis 19:30-38); Abraham deceives Abimelech (Genesis 20:1-18)
2066 BC The birth of Isaac (Genesis 21:1-7)
2062 BC Hagar and Ishmael sent away (Genesis 21:8-21)
A Treaty With Abimelech (Genesis 21:22-34)
2050 BC The Akedah - Abraham shows his willingness to offer Isaac (Genesis 22:1-24); Ur III texts; The burial of Sarah (Genesis 23:1-20)
2040 – 1991 BC Eleventh Dynasty Egypt. The kings were: Mentuhptep II, III, IV
2031 BC The death of Terah (Genesis 11:32)
2030 BC Elamites disrupt the unity of Sumer and Akkad
2026 BC Isaac marries Rebekah (Genesis 24:1-67); Abraham's descendants (Genesis 25:1-4; 1 Chronicles 32-33) What follows took place sometime after Sarah's death (cp Genesis 23:1-20)Ishmael's descendants (Genesis 25:12-18; 1 Chronicles 1:34)
2006 BC Jacob and Esau born (Genesis 25:19-26)
2000 BC The Minoan civilization on Crete in the Greek islands reached its height. The Minoans were very prosperous, with the world’s first “leisure society”: a large part of even the common person’s time was focused on leisure activities, such as sports. They were also the first to have indoor plumbing and flush toilets. The Phoenicians were now the primary traders in the region, carrying news of the latest technology from port to port, which made them instrumental in the spread of civilization. Enuma Elish (Akkadian) Marduk, the Babylonian god of cosmic order, is elevated to the supreme position in the pantheon. The seven tablet epic contains an account of creation (cf Genesis 1-2). Gilgamesh Epic (Akkadian) Gilgamesh, ruler of Uruk (Biblical Erech, see Genesis 10:10), experiences numerous adventures, including a meeting with Utnapishtim, the only survivor of a great deluge (cf Genesis 6-9). This period marks the beginning of settled agriculture in the Niger River Valley. Ur was destroyed by Elamites, ending the Sumerian control of Mesopotamia. The Jomon culture increased in Japan. Europe’s Bronze Age began in Europe around this time. Native North-Americans settled in permanent villages, domesticated dogs, and cultivated manioc, squash, maize, and beans.
1991 BC Abraham died (Genesis 25:7-11) when Esau and Jacob were about fifteen years old (cp. Genesis 21:4-5 and Genesis 25:26)
1990 BC The Hebrews wandered as shepherds in the land of Canaan.
Esau sells his birthright (Genesis 25:27-34); Isaac deceives Abimelech (Genesis 26:1-11); Conflict over water rights (Genesis 26:12-25); A treaty with Abimelech (Genesis 26:26-35)
1950 BC Sesostris I of Egypt invaded Canaan; Ur Empire ended; Mycenaeans settle in Greece, a thriving civilization, trading with Crete.
1944 BC Isaac died
1925 BC Hittites conquered Babylon
1830 BC First Dynasty of Babylonian kings
1929 BC Jacob steals Esau's blessing (Genesis 27:1-40); Jacob flees to Paddan-Aram (Genesis 27:41-28:5); Esau marries Ishmael's daughter (Genesis 28:6-9); Jacob's dream at Bethel (Genesis 28:10-22); Jacob arrives at Paddan-Aram (Genesis 29:1-14a); Jacob marries Leah and Rachel (Genesis 29:14b-30); Jacob’s many children (Genesis 29:31-30:24); Jacob’s wealth Increases (Genesis 30:25-43)
1915 BC Joseph born.
1909 BC Jacob Flees from Laban (Genesis 31:1-21); Laban pursues Jacob (Genesis 31:22-42); Jacob’s treaty with Laban (Genesis 31:43-55); Jacob sends gifts to Esau (Genesis 32:1-21); Jacob wrestles with God (Genesis 32:22-32); Jacob and Esau make peace (Genesis 33:1-20); Revenge against Shechem (Genesis 34:1-31); Jacob’s return to Bethel (Genesis 35:1-15); The death of Rachel (Genesis 35:16-27); Descendants of Esau (Genesis 36:1-19; 1 Chronicles 1:35-37)
1900 BCOriginal Peoples of Edom (Genesis 36:20-30; 1 Chronicles 1:38-42); Rulers of Edom (Genesis 36:31-43; 1 Chronicles 1:43-54); Descendants of Israel (1 Chronicles 2:1-2)
1898 BC Joseph’s dreams (Genesis 37:1-17); Joseph sold into slavery (Genesis 37:18-36); Judah and Tamar (Genesis 38:1-30); Descendants of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:3-6; 8); Joseph in Potiphar’s house (Genesis 39:1-18); Joseph put in prison (Genesis 39:19-23)
1887 BC Joseph interprets two dreams (Genesis 40:1-23)
1886 BC The death of Isaac (Genesis 35:28-29)
1885 BC Pharaoh’s Dreams (Genesis 41:1-36) Two years had passed since Joseph had interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh’s chief cup-bearer and chief baker. Joseph made ruler of Egypt (Genesis 41:37-57)
1800 BC Cappadocian texts
1877 BC Joseph’s brothers go to Egypt (Genesis 42:1-38)
1866 BC The brother’s return to Egypt (Genesis 43:1-18). By this time two full years of famine had passed (Genesis 41:54). A feast at Joseph’s palace (Genesis 43:19-34); Joseph’s silver cup (Genesis 44:1-17); Judah speaks for his brothers (Genesis 44:18-34); Joseph reveals his identity (Genesis 45:1-15); Pharaoh invites Jacob to Egypt (Genesis 45:16-28); Jacob’s journey to Egypt (Genesis 46:1-27); Jacob’s family arrives in Goshen (Genesis 46:28-34); Jacob entered Egypt during a period of chaos known as the Second Intermediate Period. Jacob blesses Pharaoh (Genesis 47:1-12); Joseph’s leadership in famine (Genesis 47:13-27)
1859 BC Jacob’s death draws near (Genesis 47:28-31); Jacob blesses Manasseh and Ephraim (Genesis 48:1-22); Jacob blesses his sons (Genesis 49:1-28); Jacob’s death and burial (Genesis 49:29-50:13); Joseph reassures his brothers (Genesis 50:14-21).
1805 BC The death of Joseph at 110 (Genesis 50:22-26). The account of Exodus is traditionally thought to have begun approximately three hundred years after Joseph's death.
1860 BC Construction of Stonehenge in Britain begins.
1800 BC The Babylonians had conquered and assimilated the Akkadian Empire. Among their achievements: they developed multiplication tables; invented the first windmills to pump water for irrigation; and created the world’s first written laws called Hammurabi’s Code. Judaism was founded around this time by Abraham. Horse-drawn chariots were used in Egypt. The Chinese became the first civilization to record an eclipse.
1780 BC Mari Texts. Hammurabi's Code (Akkadian). Together with similar law codes that preceded and followed it, the Code of Hammurabi exhibits close parallels to numerous passages in Halakha that would be given a little more than two centuries later.
1760 BC The Shang Dynasty was founded in China
1750 BC Ishtar’s Descent – (Akkadian) The goddess Ishtar temporarily descends to the nether world, which is pictured in terms reminiscent of the Tanakh's descriptions of Sheol.
1730 BC Hyksos (Semitic Tribe) invasion of Egypt begins, founding the 15th Dynasty. Hebrew slavery began
1728 BC Hammurabi of Sumer unites the scattered cities of Mesopotamia back into the empire of Babylon.
c1700-1550 BC During Egypt’s Second Intermediate Period, the 13th dynasty collapsed after a succession of short-lived and little known kings.
c1674 BC Memphis fell to the Hyksos, also known as the Shepherd Kings
1663 BC The pharaoh "who did not know Joseph" (Exodus 1: 8) was likely the Hyksos, Salatis, who took control of the Egyptian delta about 1663.
1632 BC Moses born (see 1592 and 1552 below for reasoning)
1600 BC As traders, the Phoenicians needed a better record-keeping system, so they developed a phonetic alphabet, for the first time using written characters to represent sounds, rather than objects and concepts. It was the basis of our modern alphabet. Hittites invented iron forged weapons and many siege tactics.
1595 BC Hittites ended the Old Babylonian Empire (lasted 400 years)
1592 BC Moses leaves Egypt after killing a man. Acts 7:23 says that Moses was 40 years old when he left and Acts 7:30 says that it was 40 years later when he was confronted by Hashem in the burning bush. I believe his calling and the Exodus took place around 1552 (see below) so 40 years prior to that would be 1592.
1570 BC Temple of Amun at Karnak begins. The Hyksos begin to be expelled from Egypt. Amhose I founds the 18th dynasty; beginning of the New Kingdom; the construction of the temple of Amun at Karnak begins.
1552 BC The Israelites in Egypt (Exodus 1:1-22)
Evidence for a 1552 Exodus
Israel in Egypt by Edward Poynter
Though I continue with the most commonly accepted dating below, I have personally come to believe that the Exodus took place around 1552 BC. Here's why:
1. It fits the account of a Pharaoh who “didn’t know Joseph”.
According to the proposed chronology Jacob entered Egypt in 1766 during a period of chaos known as the Second Intermediate Period. Joseph would have served more than one of the 76 Egyptian kings of Xois, who exercised divided rule in the western delta. The pharaoh "who did not know Joseph" (Exodus 1: 8) was likely the Hyksos, Salatis, who took control of the Egyptian delta about 1663.
2. It fits with the account of the Jews outnumbering those in power.
The sons of Israel were "more and mightier" (Exodus 1:9) than the Hyksos, but it was a Hyksos pharaoh who oppressed the Israelites as slaves. It was a Hyksos princess who adopted Moses.
3. It fits with the account that those who HAD sought Moses’ life were all dead.
The Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose drove the Hyksos from the delta, and the sons of Israel got a new taskmaster. When Moses returned to Egypt the Hyksos who sought his life were all dead (Exodus 4:19), crushed by the Egyptians. Now it was God's turn to crush the Egyptians.
4. It explains why Pharaoh was so recalcitrant.
The pharaoh of the Exodus was Ahmose, who became king in 1570, according to the generally accepted high chronology. Ahmose was a child when he came to the throne and operated under the regency of his mother, Queen Ahotep. He established the eighteenth dynasty by expelling the foreign Hyksos rulers.
The war against the Hyksos was rekindled by King Ahmose when he came of age, in about 1560.
After five seasons of campaigns the Egyptians captured the Hyksos capital of Avaris in 1556. The Hyksos retreated to Sharuhen, probably with the intent of mounting a counterattack and retaking their delta homeland.
After three years the Egyptians captured Sharuhen in 1553.
This victory was immediately followed by an Egyptian campaign up the coast of Canaan to Syria, in pursuit of the fleeing Hyksos. Ahmose then returned to Avaris to rebuild that important commercial delta city.
He would have been there early in 1552 when he was confronted by a man who demanded "Let my people go!"
5. It explains the abandonment of Avaris.
After the disastrous plagues, loss of slaves and army that followed, Avaris was abandoned, to be left unoccupied for for about 250 years following the Hyksos expulsion. Avaris had been the capital of the Hyksos domination of the delta, a prosperous trade center, and a well fortified city. It would have been a desirable site for the Egyptians to refortify and occupy. But it was abandoned by the Egyptians after a short occupation. Why?
According to Scripture, the delta land had just been devastated by terrible plagues against both cattle and crops; only years of famine could follow. The entire slave work force had just left in the Exodus; there was no one to rebuild the city. Ahmose had also lost part of his army in the Sea of Reeds; there was no one left to defend the city. Avaris and much of the delta was consequently abandoned.
So, Ahmose returned to his capital at Thebes and died in 1545.
6. It matches the account of the death of the Pharaoh’s first-born son.
Of further interest is the death of Ahmose's first-born son (Exodus 12:29), Ahmose II, or Ahmose-ankh, in 1552. According to the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, he died of a “Canannite illness” associated with the expulsion of the Hyksos.
For a more detailed explanation by Kenneth F. Doig go here.
1. It fits the account of a Pharaoh who “didn’t know Joseph”.
According to the proposed chronology Jacob entered Egypt in 1766 during a period of chaos known as the Second Intermediate Period. Joseph would have served more than one of the 76 Egyptian kings of Xois, who exercised divided rule in the western delta. The pharaoh "who did not know Joseph" (Exodus 1: 8) was likely the Hyksos, Salatis, who took control of the Egyptian delta about 1663.
2. It fits with the account of the Jews outnumbering those in power.
The sons of Israel were "more and mightier" (Exodus 1:9) than the Hyksos, but it was a Hyksos pharaoh who oppressed the Israelites as slaves. It was a Hyksos princess who adopted Moses.
3. It fits with the account that those who HAD sought Moses’ life were all dead.
The Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose drove the Hyksos from the delta, and the sons of Israel got a new taskmaster. When Moses returned to Egypt the Hyksos who sought his life were all dead (Exodus 4:19), crushed by the Egyptians. Now it was God's turn to crush the Egyptians.
4. It explains why Pharaoh was so recalcitrant.
The pharaoh of the Exodus was Ahmose, who became king in 1570, according to the generally accepted high chronology. Ahmose was a child when he came to the throne and operated under the regency of his mother, Queen Ahotep. He established the eighteenth dynasty by expelling the foreign Hyksos rulers.
The war against the Hyksos was rekindled by King Ahmose when he came of age, in about 1560.
After five seasons of campaigns the Egyptians captured the Hyksos capital of Avaris in 1556. The Hyksos retreated to Sharuhen, probably with the intent of mounting a counterattack and retaking their delta homeland.
After three years the Egyptians captured Sharuhen in 1553.
This victory was immediately followed by an Egyptian campaign up the coast of Canaan to Syria, in pursuit of the fleeing Hyksos. Ahmose then returned to Avaris to rebuild that important commercial delta city.
He would have been there early in 1552 when he was confronted by a man who demanded "Let my people go!"
5. It explains the abandonment of Avaris.
After the disastrous plagues, loss of slaves and army that followed, Avaris was abandoned, to be left unoccupied for for about 250 years following the Hyksos expulsion. Avaris had been the capital of the Hyksos domination of the delta, a prosperous trade center, and a well fortified city. It would have been a desirable site for the Egyptians to refortify and occupy. But it was abandoned by the Egyptians after a short occupation. Why?
According to Scripture, the delta land had just been devastated by terrible plagues against both cattle and crops; only years of famine could follow. The entire slave work force had just left in the Exodus; there was no one to rebuild the city. Ahmose had also lost part of his army in the Sea of Reeds; there was no one left to defend the city. Avaris and much of the delta was consequently abandoned.
So, Ahmose returned to his capital at Thebes and died in 1545.
6. It matches the account of the death of the Pharaoh’s first-born son.
Of further interest is the death of Ahmose's first-born son (Exodus 12:29), Ahmose II, or Ahmose-ankh, in 1552. According to the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, he died of a “Canannite illness” associated with the expulsion of the Hyksos.
For a more detailed explanation by Kenneth F. Doig go here.
1552 BC The Sinaitic law given to Israel summarized in the Ten Commandments
1552-1512 BC Israel's wanderings in the wilderness; the Tabernacle constructed
1548 BC Amenhotep I became pharaoh of Egypt
1528 BC Thutmose I becomes pharaoh
1512-1448 BC Under Tuthmose III, Egyptian rule was extended as far as the Euphrates River to the east and south to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile.
1512 BC According to Kenneth Doig's reckoning, 1512 is when Israel enters Canaan. The period of conquest begins (the traditional date is 1405, 106 years later but there is little to no evidence at that time. This is another reason why I hold to the 1552 dating of the Exodus.) The destruction and depopulation of upland Canaan at that time is well established in the archaeological record. The destroyed area matches the biblical record, while there are no Egyptian records of any activity in upland Canaan at that time.
The destruction of Jericho by the Israelites occurred in 1512. A heavily burned destruction level was dated by Kathleen Kenyon to about 1560, based on her early date for the Hyksos expulsion in 1567. The destruction level was attributed, without confirming evidence, to the fleeing Hyksos or pursuing Egyptians. The destruction could, however, also be attributed to Joshua in 1512. One small area of this Middle Bronze Age city survived on the east side, near the spring; was this perhaps the wall section that contained Rahab's home?
1510 BC Thutmose II became pharaoh
1504 BC Hatshepsut became pharaoh of Egypt, the first woman known to rule an empire
1500 BC The earliest known medical textbook was written in Egypt. The Vedas, four collections of hymns that would become part of the basis for Hinduism, were written in India. Massive earthquakes and tidal waves in the Mediterranian destroyed Minoan cities, ending that civilization. Mohenjo-Daro in Indus Valley is destroyed.
1552-1512 BC Israel's wanderings in the wilderness; the Tabernacle constructed
1548 BC Amenhotep I became pharaoh of Egypt
1528 BC Thutmose I becomes pharaoh
1512-1448 BC Under Tuthmose III, Egyptian rule was extended as far as the Euphrates River to the east and south to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile.
1512 BC According to Kenneth Doig's reckoning, 1512 is when Israel enters Canaan. The period of conquest begins (the traditional date is 1405, 106 years later but there is little to no evidence at that time. This is another reason why I hold to the 1552 dating of the Exodus.) The destruction and depopulation of upland Canaan at that time is well established in the archaeological record. The destroyed area matches the biblical record, while there are no Egyptian records of any activity in upland Canaan at that time.
The destruction of Jericho by the Israelites occurred in 1512. A heavily burned destruction level was dated by Kathleen Kenyon to about 1560, based on her early date for the Hyksos expulsion in 1567. The destruction level was attributed, without confirming evidence, to the fleeing Hyksos or pursuing Egyptians. The destruction could, however, also be attributed to Joshua in 1512. One small area of this Middle Bronze Age city survived on the east side, near the spring; was this perhaps the wall section that contained Rahab's home?
1510 BC Thutmose II became pharaoh
1504 BC Hatshepsut became pharaoh of Egypt, the first woman known to rule an empire
1500 BC The earliest known medical textbook was written in Egypt. The Vedas, four collections of hymns that would become part of the basis for Hinduism, were written in India. Massive earthquakes and tidal waves in the Mediterranian destroyed Minoan cities, ending that civilization. Mohenjo-Daro in Indus Valley is destroyed.
1400s BC
1481 BC The period of the Judges begin
1479 BC Thutmose III becomes pharaoh. Syria and became an empire.
1450 BC Amenhotep II becomes pharaoh
c1450 BC Tuthmose IV dug the Sphinx out of the sands
c1400 BC A volcanic eruption on Thera destroyed Mycenae
1479 BC Thutmose III becomes pharaoh. Syria and became an empire.
1450 BC Amenhotep II becomes pharaoh
c1450 BC Tuthmose IV dug the Sphinx out of the sands
c1400 BC A volcanic eruption on Thera destroyed Mycenae
1300s BC
1391-1358 BC Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten and tried to institute a monotheistic religion by worshipping only the sun-disk god Aten.
1375 BC Ikhnaton developed a monotheistic religion in Egypt but his successor, Tutankhamen, turned the nation back to polytheism.
1375-1350 BC Mycenaean customs appeared on Crete
1368-1349 BC Tutankhamen restored the old cults at Thebes, but shortly after was assassinated.
c1300 BC The Hittites (in Turkey) developed iron smelting, improving tools and weaponsry – the Near Easter Iron Age began.
1375 BC Ikhnaton developed a monotheistic religion in Egypt but his successor, Tutankhamen, turned the nation back to polytheism.
1375-1350 BC Mycenaean customs appeared on Crete
1368-1349 BC Tutankhamen restored the old cults at Thebes, but shortly after was assassinated.
c1300 BC The Hittites (in Turkey) developed iron smelting, improving tools and weaponsry – the Near Easter Iron Age began.
1200s BC
c1299 BC Ramesses II fought the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh. He built temples at Thebes and Abu Simbel. He is considered the most prolific pharaoh to construct temples.
1235 BC Athens was founded
1224-1165 BC Ramesses III repulsed the invasion of Seas Peoples. He is considered the last great Egyptian pharaoh.
1206 BC The prophet Samuel is born. The period of the Judges in Israel begins.
c1200 BC The Cretan palaces and Priam's city at Troy (Ilium) are destroyed. The Olmecs in southern Mexico now have a calendar, hieroglyphic writing, and the first urban centers in the Americas. The culture will disappear by 400 BC, but they are believed to be the precursors of the Mayan and Aztec cultures.
1235 BC Athens was founded
1224-1165 BC Ramesses III repulsed the invasion of Seas Peoples. He is considered the last great Egyptian pharaoh.
1206 BC The prophet Samuel is born. The period of the Judges in Israel begins.
c1200 BC The Cretan palaces and Priam's city at Troy (Ilium) are destroyed. The Olmecs in southern Mexico now have a calendar, hieroglyphic writing, and the first urban centers in the Americas. The culture will disappear by 400 BC, but they are believed to be the precursors of the Mayan and Aztec cultures.
1100s BC
She-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome
1200 BC About this time there was a drastic change in the Grecian culture in language that many ascribe to an invasion by the "Dorians". Whatever happened, it ended one phase of Greek civilization in Mycenae.
1193 BC The Greeks destroyed Troy.1110 BC The Phoenicians established a colony in Spain later called Cadiz.
1100 BC Samuel’s birth. The Zhou dynasty began in China. It will last almost 900 years and become one of the most advanced civilizations on Earth, making huge advances in metallurgy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, art, and architecture. Iron smelting began in Mesopotamia.
1193 BC The Greeks destroyed Troy.1110 BC The Phoenicians established a colony in Spain later called Cadiz.
1100 BC Samuel’s birth. The Zhou dynasty began in China. It will last almost 900 years and become one of the most advanced civilizations on Earth, making huge advances in metallurgy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, art, and architecture. Iron smelting began in Mesopotamia.
1000s BC
1080 BC Samson becomes judge
1071 BC Elon becomes judge (Judges 12:11)
1070 BC Samuel begins to minister
c1070-712 BC During the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, there were only ephemeral kings of whom little is known. It was a period of overlapping rulers, with no strong central power. The Assyrians invaded.
1066 BC Abdon becomes judge (Judges 12:13)
From this point on the dates are historically verifiable
1065 BC Egypt’s New Kingdom ends when Ramses XI dies; Smendes becomes pharaoh and founds the 21st Dynasty
1050 BC Samuel is a prophet in Israel till 1000
1050-1010 BC Saul becomes king of Israel till 1010
c1050-750 BC EARLY PERIOD of GREECE- First Greek migration to west coast of Asia minor took place. Few written records of this time period remain. This is known as Greece’s Early Period. This era is also known as the Dark Ages of Greece.
1045 BC Codron, the last king of Athens is killed
1030 BC King Saul routes the Philistines. He rules from c. 1020-1004.
1020 BC David slays Goliath of Gath, the Philistine giant
The United Kingdom Period in Israel
1000 BC King David captures Jerusalem and makes it the capital of a united Israel (which exists from about 1004-928, including both David and Solomon). He rules Israel till around 970. His son, King Solomon, would soon begin work on the Great Temple of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, the first Latin tribes settled in central Italy. The Bantu people of western Africa began the Bantu Migrations, spreading agriculture over much of sub-Saharan Africa. The world population was about 50 million by this time.
c1000-600 BC Amenemope’s Wisdom – (Egyptian) Thirty chapters of wisdom instruction are similar to Proverbs 22:17-24:22 and provide the closest external parallels to OT wisdom literature
1071 BC Elon becomes judge (Judges 12:11)
1070 BC Samuel begins to minister
c1070-712 BC During the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, there were only ephemeral kings of whom little is known. It was a period of overlapping rulers, with no strong central power. The Assyrians invaded.
1066 BC Abdon becomes judge (Judges 12:13)
From this point on the dates are historically verifiable
1065 BC Egypt’s New Kingdom ends when Ramses XI dies; Smendes becomes pharaoh and founds the 21st Dynasty
1050 BC Samuel is a prophet in Israel till 1000
1050-1010 BC Saul becomes king of Israel till 1010
c1050-750 BC EARLY PERIOD of GREECE- First Greek migration to west coast of Asia minor took place. Few written records of this time period remain. This is known as Greece’s Early Period. This era is also known as the Dark Ages of Greece.
1045 BC Codron, the last king of Athens is killed
1030 BC King Saul routes the Philistines. He rules from c. 1020-1004.
1020 BC David slays Goliath of Gath, the Philistine giant
The United Kingdom Period in Israel
1000 BC King David captures Jerusalem and makes it the capital of a united Israel (which exists from about 1004-928, including both David and Solomon). He rules Israel till around 970. His son, King Solomon, would soon begin work on the Great Temple of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, the first Latin tribes settled in central Italy. The Bantu people of western Africa began the Bantu Migrations, spreading agriculture over much of sub-Saharan Africa. The world population was about 50 million by this time.
c1000-600 BC Amenemope’s Wisdom – (Egyptian) Thirty chapters of wisdom instruction are similar to Proverbs 22:17-24:22 and provide the closest external parallels to OT wisdom literature
900s BC
975 BC Nathan is a prophet in Israel till 960
969 BC King Hiram I rules Tyre till 936
970-922 BC Solomon becomes king of Israel till 922
960 BC Solomon begins work on Yahweh’s Temple
934 BC Assyria begins to reclaim lands lost to the Aramaean invasion The Divided Kingdom and the Period of Exile
930 BC Israel divides into two kingdoms: Judah and Israel
969 BC King Hiram I rules Tyre till 936
970-922 BC Solomon becomes king of Israel till 922
960 BC Solomon begins work on Yahweh’s Temple
934 BC Assyria begins to reclaim lands lost to the Aramaean invasion The Divided Kingdom and the Period of Exile
930 BC Israel divides into two kingdoms: Judah and Israel
930-913 BC Rehoboam becomes king of Judah
930-909 BC Jeroboam I becomes king of Israel
925 BC Shesonq (Hebrew Shishak) sacks Jerusalem; the Shishak inscription; also the Gezer Calendar – (Hebrew) A schoolboy from west-central Israel describes the seasons, crops, and farming activity of the agricultural year.
910-869 BC Asa becomes king of Judah
908-886 BC Baasha becomes king of Israel
900 BC First Greek city-states
930-909 BC Jeroboam I becomes king of Israel
925 BC Shesonq (Hebrew Shishak) sacks Jerusalem; the Shishak inscription; also the Gezer Calendar – (Hebrew) A schoolboy from west-central Israel describes the seasons, crops, and farming activity of the agricultural year.
910-869 BC Asa becomes king of Judah
908-886 BC Baasha becomes king of Israel
900 BC First Greek city-states
A brief overview of the period of divided Israel
Kingdom of Judah
|
Kingdom of Israel
|
800s BC
828 BC Egypt begins to divide into five kingdoms
814 BC Phoenicians established the city of Carthage on the northwest coast of Africa (Tunisia) near Utica. It would be the primary trade center for the Mediterranean for the next 400 years.
810 BC Sammuramat (Semiramis) ruled Assyria. The Phoenicians established Carthage.
800 BC Etruscans arrive in Italy by way of the Sea; Zapotec hieroglyphs developed; Traditional date for the Iliad and Odyssey written by Homer; Greek alphabet first used; Phoenicians settle in Cyprus; Earliest Iron Age societies develop in Germany and Austria
800-700 BC Italy was inhabited by Hellenic and Etruscan people. The land was still undeveloped. Some of the earliest written music that we know of was from this time frame. Also, the Etruscans introduced chariots to Italy.
700s BC
780 BC Greek migrants settle on the Spanish coast, Sicily, and southern Italy
776 BC First recorded Olympic Games held at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. The prophets Amos, Hosea and Isaiah minister.
774 BC Assyrian incursions of Phoenicia begin
770 BC Eastern Chou dynasty in China, capital moved from Hao to Luoyang
753 BC This is the traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus at the Palatine.
750 BC Etruscan Kings rule Rome; Kushites occupy Egypt; Iron working in Egypt; Scythians are driven westward toward the Black Sea; Athens and Sparta become a major power during the Archaic period
c750-500 BC ARCHAIC PERIOD of GREECE- Greeks search for new land for agriculture. City-states are formed throughout the Mediterranean that function as political units or polis, each ruled by a king and a council.
745 BC Shallum becomes king of Israel till 745; Menahem becomes king of Israel till 737; Tiglath-Pileser III reigns over Assyria
743 BC Sparta initiates the first Messenian War till 716.
740-681 BC Isaiah is a prophet in Judah
738 BC Assyria invades Phoenicia
736-656 BC 25th dynasty. Egypt ruled by Kushite pharaohs.
735-715 BC Ahaz becomes king of Judah
735-700 BC First Greek colonies in Sicily
734 BC Tyre falls to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria
733 BC Syracuse is founded on Sicily by the Greeks
732 BC Damascus city-state falls to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria
732-722 BC Hoshea becomes king of Israel
c730-710 BC The Spartans conquered southwest Peloponnese in the First Messenian War.
729 BC Tiglath-Pileser captures Babylon and reigns as king
725 BC King Midas rules over Phrygia
722 BC Sargon II of Assyria captures Samaria, the capital of Israel; The northern kingdom of Israel comes to an end; Sargon II of Assyria deports 28,000 Israelites who become the "Ten Lost Tribes"; Micah is a prophet in Judah till 701
721 BC Chaldaeans enter Babylonia and compete for the Babylonian throne; Sargon II defeats the Urartians;
720 BC Egypt reunited under Nubian (Ethiopian) rule (25th Dynasty)
715-686 BC Hezekiah becomes king of Judah till 686
710 BC The Assyrians destroy the kingdom of Chaldea. Circa 710 to 650 BC the Greek city states of Chalkis and Eretria Euboea fought over possession of the Lelantine Plain on the island of Euboea. It was the first Grecian war in which city states allied on differing sides and fought together in a regional war.
711 BC About this time Sargon II completed the destruction Kingdom of Israel, the northern tribes, by taking Ashdod.
709 BC Phrygia becomes a tributary to Assyria
706 BC Tarentum is established in southern Italy by Sparta
705 BC Sennacherib becomes king of Assyria till 682
701 BC Sennacherib establishes his capital at Nineveh; begins his campaign on the west to Phoenicia; devastates Northern Judah and Lachish; Assyrians invade and conquer most of Phoenicia; Sennacherib, king of Assyria besieges Hezekiah at Jerusalem; the Assyrian army is smitten by God
c700 BC Lelantine war in Euboia. The Nubians (black Africans from northern Sudan) conquer Egypt; their leaders become pharaohs. Led by King Sargon II, the Assyrian Empire conquers Israel and expels the Jewish people, the basis of the legendary lost tribes of Israel; Sennacherib inscription; Musical notation is first used in India; Achaemenes, first king of Parsa
776 BC First recorded Olympic Games held at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. The prophets Amos, Hosea and Isaiah minister.
774 BC Assyrian incursions of Phoenicia begin
770 BC Eastern Chou dynasty in China, capital moved from Hao to Luoyang
753 BC This is the traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus at the Palatine.
750 BC Etruscan Kings rule Rome; Kushites occupy Egypt; Iron working in Egypt; Scythians are driven westward toward the Black Sea; Athens and Sparta become a major power during the Archaic period
c750-500 BC ARCHAIC PERIOD of GREECE- Greeks search for new land for agriculture. City-states are formed throughout the Mediterranean that function as political units or polis, each ruled by a king and a council.
745 BC Shallum becomes king of Israel till 745; Menahem becomes king of Israel till 737; Tiglath-Pileser III reigns over Assyria
743 BC Sparta initiates the first Messenian War till 716.
740-681 BC Isaiah is a prophet in Judah
738 BC Assyria invades Phoenicia
736-656 BC 25th dynasty. Egypt ruled by Kushite pharaohs.
735-715 BC Ahaz becomes king of Judah
735-700 BC First Greek colonies in Sicily
734 BC Tyre falls to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria
733 BC Syracuse is founded on Sicily by the Greeks
732 BC Damascus city-state falls to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria
732-722 BC Hoshea becomes king of Israel
c730-710 BC The Spartans conquered southwest Peloponnese in the First Messenian War.
729 BC Tiglath-Pileser captures Babylon and reigns as king
725 BC King Midas rules over Phrygia
722 BC Sargon II of Assyria captures Samaria, the capital of Israel; The northern kingdom of Israel comes to an end; Sargon II of Assyria deports 28,000 Israelites who become the "Ten Lost Tribes"; Micah is a prophet in Judah till 701
721 BC Chaldaeans enter Babylonia and compete for the Babylonian throne; Sargon II defeats the Urartians;
720 BC Egypt reunited under Nubian (Ethiopian) rule (25th Dynasty)
715-686 BC Hezekiah becomes king of Judah till 686
710 BC The Assyrians destroy the kingdom of Chaldea. Circa 710 to 650 BC the Greek city states of Chalkis and Eretria Euboea fought over possession of the Lelantine Plain on the island of Euboea. It was the first Grecian war in which city states allied on differing sides and fought together in a regional war.
711 BC About this time Sargon II completed the destruction Kingdom of Israel, the northern tribes, by taking Ashdod.
709 BC Phrygia becomes a tributary to Assyria
706 BC Tarentum is established in southern Italy by Sparta
705 BC Sennacherib becomes king of Assyria till 682
701 BC Sennacherib establishes his capital at Nineveh; begins his campaign on the west to Phoenicia; devastates Northern Judah and Lachish; Assyrians invade and conquer most of Phoenicia; Sennacherib, king of Assyria besieges Hezekiah at Jerusalem; the Assyrian army is smitten by God
c700 BC Lelantine war in Euboia. The Nubians (black Africans from northern Sudan) conquer Egypt; their leaders become pharaohs. Led by King Sargon II, the Assyrian Empire conquers Israel and expels the Jewish people, the basis of the legendary lost tribes of Israel; Sennacherib inscription; Musical notation is first used in India; Achaemenes, first king of Parsa
600s BC
697-642 BC Manasseh becomes king of Judah till 642
695 BC Cimmerians invade Phrygia
689 BC Assyrians destroy Babylon and flood the whole area
685 BC Gyges founds the Mermnad dynasty in Lydia; Assyrians destroy Memphis and Thebes
683 BC Athens ends its rule of hereditary kings replaced by chosen archons
682 BC Judah surrenders to Assyria
672 BC First recorded exploration of Africa by Phoenicians
c671-667 BC Assyrian invade Egypt, "sacking" Thebes and Memphis, Esarhaddon captures Memphis
660 BC Jimmu established the first Japanese empire. The Greeks used standardized coins, initiating the idea of government-sanctioned money to be used in trade. The Greeks established Byzantium and built the Acropolis in Athens.
669 BC Assurbanipal becomes king of Assyria
668 BC Assyrian Empire at its greatest extent
667 BC The Nubian Dynasty comes to an end
663 BC Egypt becomes independent, 26th dynasty is the last great period
663 BC Assurbanipal sacks Thebes in Egypt
652 BC Babylonians rebel against their Assyrian rulers
651 BC Cimmerian invaders driven from Lydia by Ardys
650 BC Cimmerian invaders plow through Syria and Palestine; Coinage invented in Lydia; Oracle of Delphi reaches the height of its influence
640-560 BC Solon the Law Giver in Greece
640-609 BC Josiah becomes king of Judah till 609
640 BC Macedonia founded by Perdiccas
630 BC Birth of Zoroaster, founder of the Persian religion
628 BC Zephaniah is a prophet in Judah till 622
626 BC Chaldaean king Nabopolassar takes Babylon throne from Assyria
626-585 BC Jeremiah is a prophet in Judah
625 BC Etruscan influence reaches Rome and Rome expands
621 BC Athens first written laws by Dracon (regarded as severe)
616 BC Tarquin kings rule Rome
615 BC Cyaxares of Media allies with Nabopolassar of Babylon against Assyria.
612 BC Babylon, Medes, and Scythians destroy Assyria; Nineveh falls; Nahum is a prophet in Judah
610-580 BC The Greek poet Sappho of Lesbos
609-598 BC Johoikim (Eliakim) becomes king of Judah till 598
609 BC Assyrian Empire comes to an end; Babylonian empire reaches to the borders of Egypt
608 BC Pharaoh Necho defeats and kills Josiah at the battle of Megiddo
605 BC Nebuchadnezzar II becomes king of Babylon; Nebuchadnezzar II defeats Pharaoh Necho at Carchemish in Syria; Nebuchadnezzar II captures Jerusalem and takes many Hebrews into exile; Judah is now under Babylonian rule; Habakkuk is a prophet in Judah; Alyattes rules Lydia
605-585? BC Obadiah is a prophet
605-530 BC The prophet Daniel is taken to Babylon
604 BC Nebuchadnezzar II rebuilds Babylon; Lao Tzu was born.
600 BC This next century would see the start of several of the world’s great social and religious philosophies: Zoroastrianism was founded by Zoroaster in Persia; Taoism is founded by Lao Tzu in China; Buddhism is founded in India by a former prince, Siddhartha Gautama; Confucius began teaching the value of education and citizenry in China; and the world’s first democratic constitution was established in Athens. Many Aryian kings emerge across northern India; Mahabharata begins; Earliest known use of iron in China - iron provides weapons and farming in China; Iron working spreads across Europe and warfare is revolutionized; The Etruscans establish cities stretching from northern to central Italy; At an unknown time the Persian people migrate from central Asia to South Iran; Greeks establish city-states along the southern coast of Italy and the island of Sicily; Etruscan kings rule over Rome; Last Greek monarchies at Argos, Sparta, and Thera.
695 BC Cimmerians invade Phrygia
689 BC Assyrians destroy Babylon and flood the whole area
685 BC Gyges founds the Mermnad dynasty in Lydia; Assyrians destroy Memphis and Thebes
683 BC Athens ends its rule of hereditary kings replaced by chosen archons
682 BC Judah surrenders to Assyria
672 BC First recorded exploration of Africa by Phoenicians
c671-667 BC Assyrian invade Egypt, "sacking" Thebes and Memphis, Esarhaddon captures Memphis
660 BC Jimmu established the first Japanese empire. The Greeks used standardized coins, initiating the idea of government-sanctioned money to be used in trade. The Greeks established Byzantium and built the Acropolis in Athens.
669 BC Assurbanipal becomes king of Assyria
668 BC Assyrian Empire at its greatest extent
667 BC The Nubian Dynasty comes to an end
663 BC Egypt becomes independent, 26th dynasty is the last great period
663 BC Assurbanipal sacks Thebes in Egypt
652 BC Babylonians rebel against their Assyrian rulers
651 BC Cimmerian invaders driven from Lydia by Ardys
650 BC Cimmerian invaders plow through Syria and Palestine; Coinage invented in Lydia; Oracle of Delphi reaches the height of its influence
640-560 BC Solon the Law Giver in Greece
640-609 BC Josiah becomes king of Judah till 609
640 BC Macedonia founded by Perdiccas
630 BC Birth of Zoroaster, founder of the Persian religion
628 BC Zephaniah is a prophet in Judah till 622
626 BC Chaldaean king Nabopolassar takes Babylon throne from Assyria
626-585 BC Jeremiah is a prophet in Judah
625 BC Etruscan influence reaches Rome and Rome expands
621 BC Athens first written laws by Dracon (regarded as severe)
616 BC Tarquin kings rule Rome
615 BC Cyaxares of Media allies with Nabopolassar of Babylon against Assyria.
612 BC Babylon, Medes, and Scythians destroy Assyria; Nineveh falls; Nahum is a prophet in Judah
610-580 BC The Greek poet Sappho of Lesbos
609-598 BC Johoikim (Eliakim) becomes king of Judah till 598
609 BC Assyrian Empire comes to an end; Babylonian empire reaches to the borders of Egypt
608 BC Pharaoh Necho defeats and kills Josiah at the battle of Megiddo
605 BC Nebuchadnezzar II becomes king of Babylon; Nebuchadnezzar II defeats Pharaoh Necho at Carchemish in Syria; Nebuchadnezzar II captures Jerusalem and takes many Hebrews into exile; Judah is now under Babylonian rule; Habakkuk is a prophet in Judah; Alyattes rules Lydia
605-585? BC Obadiah is a prophet
605-530 BC The prophet Daniel is taken to Babylon
604 BC Nebuchadnezzar II rebuilds Babylon; Lao Tzu was born.
600 BC This next century would see the start of several of the world’s great social and religious philosophies: Zoroastrianism was founded by Zoroaster in Persia; Taoism is founded by Lao Tzu in China; Buddhism is founded in India by a former prince, Siddhartha Gautama; Confucius began teaching the value of education and citizenry in China; and the world’s first democratic constitution was established in Athens. Many Aryian kings emerge across northern India; Mahabharata begins; Earliest known use of iron in China - iron provides weapons and farming in China; Iron working spreads across Europe and warfare is revolutionized; The Etruscans establish cities stretching from northern to central Italy; At an unknown time the Persian people migrate from central Asia to South Iran; Greeks establish city-states along the southern coast of Italy and the island of Sicily; Etruscan kings rule over Rome; Last Greek monarchies at Argos, Sparta, and Thera.
500s BC
598-597 BC Jehoichin (Jeconiah) becomes king of Judah till 597. First expeditions of Nebuchadnezzar against Judah.
597-586 BC Zedekiah (Mattaniah) becomes king of Judah till 586
594 BC Athen's laws reformed by Solon, the only Archon of Athens
593-571 BC Ezekiel is a prophet of Judah
586 BC Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia sacks Jerusalem; Judah becomes a province of Babylonia; Jehoiachin’s Ration Dockets – (Akkadian) Brief texts from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II refer to rations alloted to Judah’s exiled king Jehoiachin and his sons (cf. 2 Kings 25:27-30)586; Exile of the Jews to Babylon; Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia conquers Phoenicia; Obadiah is a prophet in Judah
582 BC Birth of Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathematician
581 BC Nebuchadnezzar II burns Jerusalem
580 BC Nebuchadnezzar II builds the hanging gardens of Babylon
566 BC Birth of Prince Siddhartha Gautama who later became known as the Buddha. Between this point and c.483 he founded Buddhism in India.
560 BC Croesus of Lydia subjugates Greek Ionian colonies
559 BC Cyrus the Great of Parsa rebels against the Medes and founds the Persian Empire, with Zoroastrianism as its main religion. Cyrus Cylinder – (Akkadian) King Cyrus of Persia records the conquest of Babylon (cf. Dan. 5:30; 6:28) and boasts of his generous policies toward his new subjects and their gods.
551 BC Birth of Confucius (K'ung Fu-tzu), the Chinese philosopher
551-479 BC Confucius developed ethical and social philosophy in China. His second-generation disciples compiled the Analects (Lun-yu or "collected sayings").
550 BC Lao-tse founds Taoism in China
547 BC Persians conquers Lydia, the battle of Sardis, and move through Asia Minor
543 BC Bimbisara expands his territories and introduces new administration
540 BC Vardhamana (Mahavira Jina) the ascetic founds Jainism; Peistratus the tyrant takes control of Athens. Anaximander dies. He is credited with writing the first philosophical treatise and making the first map of the known world.
539 BC Greeks defeat the Carthaginians; Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers Babylonia and frees the Jews.
538 BC Cyrus the Great allows the Jews to return to Judah (a Persian province) under Zerubbabel; Cyrus the Great absorbs Phoenicia into the Persian Empire; Fables of Aesop
534 BC Tarquinius Superbus (the proud), becomes the last king of Rome
533 BC Gandhara becomes a Satrap to the Achaemenid Empire of Persia
530 BC Cyrus conquers all of Asia Minor but dies in battle. His son Cambyses becomes ruler of Persia
525-465 BC The Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras
525-404 BC Egypt’s 27th dynasty conquered by King Conlyses who established first Persian domination of Egypt; Persian empire extends from India to Asia Minor
524 BC Greeks stopped the southward Etruscan migration at Cumae.
522 BC Darius I puts down a rebellion in Persia and becomes king
521 BC Darius I divides the Empire into 20 provinces (satrapies)
520 BC The temple in Jerusalem building projects resumed; Haggai is a prophet in Judah till 515
520-480 BC Zechariah is a prophet in Judah
519 BC Birth of Xerxes, future king of Persia; Pythagoras a Greek philosopher (so called demigod) introduces the octave in music
510 BC Reforms are introduced in Athens by Cleisthenes and introduces Democracy in Athens
509 BC Romans overthrows the tyrant Tarquinius Superbus, the last Etruscan king, ending the Etruscan dynasty. The Romans thus conquer Italy and start a republic largely based on Athenian democracy. Nebuchadnezzar II builds the Hanging Gardens; Many wars with Rome and other inhabitants of Italy (the Etruscans and the Greeks). The Adena and Hopewell farming-based civilizations began on the Ohio River in North America; they are known today for their pottery, elaborate burial rituals, dome-shaped mounds, and large-scale corn cultivation. Nok culture thrived in Nigeria, producing sculpture and iron works, and establishing an iconic style that remains evident in African art to this day. Europe’s Iron Age began around this time.
508 BC Lars Porsena (Etruscan ruler) attacks Rome and loses at the Tiber bridge
507 BC Spartans try to restore the Aristocracy in Athens but Cleisthenes is given power
500 BC Germanic peoples of northern Europe expand their territories; Celts settle from Italy to Ireland; Sun Tzu (unknown Chinese authors) write The Art of War; Pericles of Athens is born; Joel is a prophet in Judah; Malachi is a prophet in Judah
500-323 BC CLASSICAL PERIOD of GREECE- Interest in literature, artwork, architecture, philosophy, and politics surged during this time period. Athens was the hub of activity throughout the Mediterranean.
597-586 BC Zedekiah (Mattaniah) becomes king of Judah till 586
594 BC Athen's laws reformed by Solon, the only Archon of Athens
593-571 BC Ezekiel is a prophet of Judah
586 BC Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia sacks Jerusalem; Judah becomes a province of Babylonia; Jehoiachin’s Ration Dockets – (Akkadian) Brief texts from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II refer to rations alloted to Judah’s exiled king Jehoiachin and his sons (cf. 2 Kings 25:27-30)586; Exile of the Jews to Babylon; Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia conquers Phoenicia; Obadiah is a prophet in Judah
582 BC Birth of Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathematician
581 BC Nebuchadnezzar II burns Jerusalem
580 BC Nebuchadnezzar II builds the hanging gardens of Babylon
566 BC Birth of Prince Siddhartha Gautama who later became known as the Buddha. Between this point and c.483 he founded Buddhism in India.
560 BC Croesus of Lydia subjugates Greek Ionian colonies
559 BC Cyrus the Great of Parsa rebels against the Medes and founds the Persian Empire, with Zoroastrianism as its main religion. Cyrus Cylinder – (Akkadian) King Cyrus of Persia records the conquest of Babylon (cf. Dan. 5:30; 6:28) and boasts of his generous policies toward his new subjects and their gods.
551 BC Birth of Confucius (K'ung Fu-tzu), the Chinese philosopher
551-479 BC Confucius developed ethical and social philosophy in China. His second-generation disciples compiled the Analects (Lun-yu or "collected sayings").
550 BC Lao-tse founds Taoism in China
547 BC Persians conquers Lydia, the battle of Sardis, and move through Asia Minor
543 BC Bimbisara expands his territories and introduces new administration
540 BC Vardhamana (Mahavira Jina) the ascetic founds Jainism; Peistratus the tyrant takes control of Athens. Anaximander dies. He is credited with writing the first philosophical treatise and making the first map of the known world.
539 BC Greeks defeat the Carthaginians; Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers Babylonia and frees the Jews.
538 BC Cyrus the Great allows the Jews to return to Judah (a Persian province) under Zerubbabel; Cyrus the Great absorbs Phoenicia into the Persian Empire; Fables of Aesop
534 BC Tarquinius Superbus (the proud), becomes the last king of Rome
533 BC Gandhara becomes a Satrap to the Achaemenid Empire of Persia
530 BC Cyrus conquers all of Asia Minor but dies in battle. His son Cambyses becomes ruler of Persia
525-465 BC The Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras
525-404 BC Egypt’s 27th dynasty conquered by King Conlyses who established first Persian domination of Egypt; Persian empire extends from India to Asia Minor
524 BC Greeks stopped the southward Etruscan migration at Cumae.
522 BC Darius I puts down a rebellion in Persia and becomes king
521 BC Darius I divides the Empire into 20 provinces (satrapies)
520 BC The temple in Jerusalem building projects resumed; Haggai is a prophet in Judah till 515
520-480 BC Zechariah is a prophet in Judah
519 BC Birth of Xerxes, future king of Persia; Pythagoras a Greek philosopher (so called demigod) introduces the octave in music
510 BC Reforms are introduced in Athens by Cleisthenes and introduces Democracy in Athens
509 BC Romans overthrows the tyrant Tarquinius Superbus, the last Etruscan king, ending the Etruscan dynasty. The Romans thus conquer Italy and start a republic largely based on Athenian democracy. Nebuchadnezzar II builds the Hanging Gardens; Many wars with Rome and other inhabitants of Italy (the Etruscans and the Greeks). The Adena and Hopewell farming-based civilizations began on the Ohio River in North America; they are known today for their pottery, elaborate burial rituals, dome-shaped mounds, and large-scale corn cultivation. Nok culture thrived in Nigeria, producing sculpture and iron works, and establishing an iconic style that remains evident in African art to this day. Europe’s Iron Age began around this time.
508 BC Lars Porsena (Etruscan ruler) attacks Rome and loses at the Tiber bridge
507 BC Spartans try to restore the Aristocracy in Athens but Cleisthenes is given power
500 BC Germanic peoples of northern Europe expand their territories; Celts settle from Italy to Ireland; Sun Tzu (unknown Chinese authors) write The Art of War; Pericles of Athens is born; Joel is a prophet in Judah; Malachi is a prophet in Judah
500-323 BC CLASSICAL PERIOD of GREECE- Interest in literature, artwork, architecture, philosophy, and politics surged during this time period. Athens was the hub of activity throughout the Mediterranean.
400s BC
499 BC Ionian War (revolt from Persia)
496 BC Rome defeats the Latin tribes at Lake Regillus; Sophocles (Greek tragedian) is born.
495 BC Alexander I rules over Macedonia
c495-399 BC Elephantine Papyri – (Aramaic) Contracts and letters document life among the Jews who fled to southern Egypt after Jerusalem was destroyed in 586.
494 BC The first victory of the plebeian class over the patricians for more power
493 BC Rome and Latin League make a treaty for protection against Etruscans
492 BC Persians set to defeat Athens but crippled by a storm
491 BC Ajatasatru takes control of the Ganges basin
490 BC First Persian War- Darius I defeated by the Greeks at Marathon.
490-479 BC Greek / Persian Wars.
486 BC Xerxes demands tribute from Greece but is refused. Xerxes I ruled Persia from about 485-465 BC.
485 BC Birth of Herodotus
480 BC Second Persian War- Persian forces (180,000 men) led by Xerxes win at Thermopylae, destroy Athens. However, the Greek forces won a major sea battle at Salamis. Confucius (Chinese philosopher) dies. The Warring States period begins in China. Euripides (the tragedian) is born.
479 BC More Persian defeats by the Greeks at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale
478 BC The Delian Confederacy is established
474 BC Carthaginians defeat the Etruscans in a naval battle at Cumae
471 BC Naxo tries to leave the Delian League but is stopped by Athens
469 BC The philosopher Socrates was born in Athens
465 BC Xerxes is murdered and Artaxerxes comes to power
462 BC Pericles rose to power in Athens
460 BC Birth of Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine; Birth of Thucydides (historian); Age of Pericles in Athens.
458 BC Second group of Jews returns under Ezra
457 BC Aristophanes (comedic writer) is born; first Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta
452 BC Wars over succession following the death of Alexander I in Macedonia
450 BC The Twelve Tables of Roman law were codified and published in Rome. Herodotus (the father of historians) visits Egypt; Rome begins to found colonies in Italy; Carthage establishes new trading posts along the African coastline.
450-400 BC The Greek culture experienced a high during the Age of Pericles.
449 BC Sacred War between Athens and Sparta over the Oracle of Delphi
447-432 BC The construction of the Parthenon. It was a temple for the goddess Athena. Ictinus and Callicrates are the architects and Phidias is responsible for the sculpture.
443 BC Office of the Censor is created in Rome
443 BC Pericles leads Athens and the 10 generals
441 BC Euripides wrote his first tragic play.
440 BC Malachi was a prophet in Judah (440-430). Greece was rapidly becoming an empire, with Athens as its capital. The reign of Emperor Pericles led to a golden age of arts, culture, and government. The Celts, a tribe from northern Italy, dominated the British Isles.
432 BC Last group of Jews returns under Nehemiah
432-5 BC Intertestamental Period
431-405 BC Second of the Peloponnesian Wars between Sparta and Athens. Sparta won.
430 BC Epidemic of plagues in Athens (Pericles dies in it)
429 BC Birth of Plato (philosopher, student of Socrates)
424 BC Thucydides is exiled from Athens. Xerxes II is assassinated . Darius II rules Persia
413 BC Athens attacks Sicily and fails
409 BC Carthage invades Sicily
407 BC Plato becomes the pupil of Socrates
405 BC Egypt overthrows Persian rule
404 BC Athens surrenders to Sparta to end the Peloponnesian War . Sparta becomes the most powerful city-state. However, Sparta's hegemony was brief and brutal, wielding its power with a disastrously rigid hand.
401 BC Sparta goes to war with Persia. Cyrus the Younger rebels in Persia, but is defeated by Artaxerxes II at Cunoxa. Xenophon, an Athenian, joined a group of 10,000 Greek mercenaries that fought in the Persian civil war. Xenophon chronicled their adventures in gripping detail, including their battles, fighting retreat and the Greek escape to the sea.
400 BC The site of London was first inhabited. Plato wrote The Republic. Ice cream (usually credited to China) was invented. Greeks under Xenophone are defeated at Cunaxa, Retreat of the 10,000.
400-330 BC Praxiteles, Greek sculptor.
496 BC Rome defeats the Latin tribes at Lake Regillus; Sophocles (Greek tragedian) is born.
495 BC Alexander I rules over Macedonia
c495-399 BC Elephantine Papyri – (Aramaic) Contracts and letters document life among the Jews who fled to southern Egypt after Jerusalem was destroyed in 586.
494 BC The first victory of the plebeian class over the patricians for more power
493 BC Rome and Latin League make a treaty for protection against Etruscans
492 BC Persians set to defeat Athens but crippled by a storm
491 BC Ajatasatru takes control of the Ganges basin
490 BC First Persian War- Darius I defeated by the Greeks at Marathon.
490-479 BC Greek / Persian Wars.
486 BC Xerxes demands tribute from Greece but is refused. Xerxes I ruled Persia from about 485-465 BC.
485 BC Birth of Herodotus
480 BC Second Persian War- Persian forces (180,000 men) led by Xerxes win at Thermopylae, destroy Athens. However, the Greek forces won a major sea battle at Salamis. Confucius (Chinese philosopher) dies. The Warring States period begins in China. Euripides (the tragedian) is born.
479 BC More Persian defeats by the Greeks at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale
478 BC The Delian Confederacy is established
474 BC Carthaginians defeat the Etruscans in a naval battle at Cumae
471 BC Naxo tries to leave the Delian League but is stopped by Athens
469 BC The philosopher Socrates was born in Athens
465 BC Xerxes is murdered and Artaxerxes comes to power
462 BC Pericles rose to power in Athens
460 BC Birth of Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine; Birth of Thucydides (historian); Age of Pericles in Athens.
458 BC Second group of Jews returns under Ezra
457 BC Aristophanes (comedic writer) is born; first Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta
452 BC Wars over succession following the death of Alexander I in Macedonia
450 BC The Twelve Tables of Roman law were codified and published in Rome. Herodotus (the father of historians) visits Egypt; Rome begins to found colonies in Italy; Carthage establishes new trading posts along the African coastline.
450-400 BC The Greek culture experienced a high during the Age of Pericles.
449 BC Sacred War between Athens and Sparta over the Oracle of Delphi
447-432 BC The construction of the Parthenon. It was a temple for the goddess Athena. Ictinus and Callicrates are the architects and Phidias is responsible for the sculpture.
443 BC Office of the Censor is created in Rome
443 BC Pericles leads Athens and the 10 generals
441 BC Euripides wrote his first tragic play.
440 BC Malachi was a prophet in Judah (440-430). Greece was rapidly becoming an empire, with Athens as its capital. The reign of Emperor Pericles led to a golden age of arts, culture, and government. The Celts, a tribe from northern Italy, dominated the British Isles.
432 BC Last group of Jews returns under Nehemiah
432-5 BC Intertestamental Period
431-405 BC Second of the Peloponnesian Wars between Sparta and Athens. Sparta won.
430 BC Epidemic of plagues in Athens (Pericles dies in it)
429 BC Birth of Plato (philosopher, student of Socrates)
424 BC Thucydides is exiled from Athens. Xerxes II is assassinated . Darius II rules Persia
413 BC Athens attacks Sicily and fails
409 BC Carthage invades Sicily
407 BC Plato becomes the pupil of Socrates
405 BC Egypt overthrows Persian rule
404 BC Athens surrenders to Sparta to end the Peloponnesian War . Sparta becomes the most powerful city-state. However, Sparta's hegemony was brief and brutal, wielding its power with a disastrously rigid hand.
401 BC Sparta goes to war with Persia. Cyrus the Younger rebels in Persia, but is defeated by Artaxerxes II at Cunoxa. Xenophon, an Athenian, joined a group of 10,000 Greek mercenaries that fought in the Persian civil war. Xenophon chronicled their adventures in gripping detail, including their battles, fighting retreat and the Greek escape to the sea.
400 BC The site of London was first inhabited. Plato wrote The Republic. Ice cream (usually credited to China) was invented. Greeks under Xenophone are defeated at Cunaxa, Retreat of the 10,000.
400-330 BC Praxiteles, Greek sculptor.
300s BC
399 BC Socrates was given a death sentence. Though he was accused of corrupting Athenian youth, he was was tried and executed basically for his opposition to the Thirty Tyrants. Socrates didn't help matters when he ridiculed the charges rather than addressing them. "I am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by God," he declared. He then refused the attempt of his friends to save his life by spiriting him away to exile. Instead he chose to drink the poisonous hemlock. Perhaps he was on to something because few things solidify a person's ideals better in the minds of others than self-martyrdom!
One of his disciples was Diogenes of Sinope who rejected the authority of the state so completely that he even refused to live in a house, choosing instead a big barrel! He became the founder of the Cynics, from the Greek word for "canine" because his disciples were said to "live like dogs".
Another of Socrates' disciples was Aristippus of Cyrene. He too rejected the state. He went in an opposite direction of Diogenes (who loved utter simplicity) and founded the pursuit of hēdonē - pleasure. At first Hedonism was not what it came to be, e.g. a total surrender to orgiastic appetites but was instead much closer to Solomon's advice in Ecclesiastes to appreciate the simple pleasures of food, drink, work and love as gifts from God.
The most famous of Socrates' disciples was the Athenian Plato. Horrified by his master's death, he quit public life to reflect, write, and travel. He did not return to Athens until 387 BC, when he founded the Academy.
396 BC The city of Veii, an Etruscan city, was conquered by the Romans and the Celts. The Etruscan civilization was falling. Rome began its conquest of Italy.
395 BC Athens, Argos, Corinth & Thebes form a league and against Sparta and in the Spring of 395 they launch what became known as the Corinthian War. This war took, off and on, nearly a decade. During the course of this war Athens gradually regained its preeminence.
394 BC Sparta defeats the League; Greek states war with each other
391 BC Romans, under the dictator Camillus, defeat the Etruscans
390 BC Gauls sack and burn Rome but fail to take the capital
387 BC Plato, a student of Socrates, founded the Academy in Athens. Employing the Socratic method of endlessly asking questions, he opened the minds of a whole new generation of upper class Greek youth. Years later, among his students was a Macedonian youth named Aristotle of Stagira.
384 BC Aristotle (philosopher and scientist), student of Plato, was born. He died somewhere around 322 BC. Demosthenes, a Greek orator also lived from around 384-322 BC.
382 BC Philip II (Philip of Macedon) is born
380 BC Last real Egyptian dynasty (the XXXth). Athens was were rebuilt and its navy revived. A new Athenian league took shape, drawn up along more equitable lines than before, as a confederacy rather than as a collection of vassal states.
371 BC The Theban "Sacred Band" and its new form of phalanx proved its worth against the Spartans when the Spartans attacked Thebes and were swiftly routed.
367 BC The first plebeian consul is elected to the assembly
362 BC The Thebans were once again victorious against the Spartans but afterwards returned peacefully to their farms. Nothing had been really settled. It was just that everyone was too exhausted and financially crippled to continue.
359 BC Illyrians invade western Macedonia. Philip II became the king of Macedon. Appointed regent at the age of 23 for his infant nephew - his brother, the king, had died in battle - Philip bought off or otherwise eliminated three half brothers for the position while simultaneously repulsing two foreign invasions. Somehow, in the midst of the chaos, the infant heir "vanished" and Philip managed to persuade the army that he should be declared king in the infant's stead.
358 BC Phillip II repulses the Illyrian invasion and extends his kingdom
357-356 BC The Social War is waged between Macedon and Athens
356 BC Alexander the Great, son of Philip II, was born. The temple of Delphi was destroyed in the Sacred War.
353 BC Crossbow invented in China
350 BC Revolt of the Jews against Artaxerxes III in Persia
348 BC Rome signs treaty with Carthage
347 BC Plato wrote Dialogues as though recording a conversation with his teacher and mentor Socrates.
343 BC The First Samnite War between Rome and the Samnites; Artaxerxes III of Persia recaptures Egypt and founds the 31st dynasty
340 BC The Latin Wars began. Macedonia conquers Thrace
339 BC Fourth Sacred War, between Macedonia and Athens
338 BC King Philip II defeated the Athenians and Thebans at Chaeronea and unites all Greece under his rule. First Roman coinage? Tribes and cities of Latin League revolt against Rome. Romans are victorious at Trifanum and the League is dissolved.
c338-336 BC King Philip II was assassinated, and his son Alexander III (the Great) took the throne. Now the king of Macedonia, Alexander began to conquer the Greek city-states and expanded the Greek empire to Egypt, southern Europe, and northern India, spreading Greek culture and knowledge along the way.
336 BC Artaxerxes III is assassinated; succeeded by Darius lIl on Persian throne
335 BC Alexander defeated Thebes.
334 BC Alexander the Great begins campaign against Persia; Alexander defeats Darius III in Anatolia. Lydia becomes a tributary of Macedon
333 BC Alexander the Great defeats Darius III again at battle of Issus. Persia is conquered by Alexander the Great. Phrygia falls under Macedonian rule. Israel comes under the rule of Alexander the Great.
332 BC Alexander takes the city of Tyre after siege. The end of the Phoenician empire. When Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated the Persians at Issus in 333 BC he was given Egypt by the Persian Satrap. He then built the city of Alexandria on the Egyptian coast and commissioned its library. The city would become the economic and cultural hub of Asia, Africa, and Europe and would house the world’s first university.
332 BC-395 AD Graeco-Roman Period
331 BC Alexander renews Persian campaign and defeats Darius III at Arbela. Persian capital of Persepolis burned by Alexander the Great. Persians defeated at Gaugamela.
330 BC Darius III is assassinated, leaving Alexander in control of Persia. He occupies Babylon.
327 BC Second Samnite War, Roman troops are defeated and humiliated; Alexander begins invasion of India
c324-323 BC Alexander the Great dies (age 33) in Babylon (no named successor). His body lies in state for two years while they prepare his catafalque.
323 BC Alexander's body is buried at Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy Soter becomes pharoah of Egypt after Alexander's death. Lydia absorbed into the Seleucid kingdom. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote Elements, considered one of the most important books on mathematics ever written.
323-31 BC HELLENISTIC PERIOD. After Alexander’s death Antigonid Macedon, Ptolemaic Egypt, and Seleucid Syria emerged as the three major kingdoms. Greece suffered from internal revolts. Seleucis I, one of Alexander's generals, established a Middle East empire with capitals at Antioch in Syria and Seleucia in Iraq.
321 BC Summer of 321 Alexander's body is marched westward from Babylon in a golden carriage with garlanded columns and a gem-encrusted vault - basically a mini Greek temple on wheels. It is pulled by 64 mules, yoked four abreast, each with jewel-studded collars from which hung golden bells. In the beautiful carriage lay Alexander in a coffin of hammered gold, covered by a purple canopy and fragrant with spices. The procession was headed for Macedonia but Ptolemy, who ruled as satrap of Egypt, co-opted the body and had it taken to Alexandria on the Nile Delta. Unfortunately for Alexander's legacy of a united world, his generals foughght the "War of the Diadochi" over the conquered lands. Meanwhile, in India, Chandragupta founded the Mauryan dynasty.
320 BC Maurya takes control of Magadha and crosses the Indus into central India. Egypt takes Libya as a province. The Egyptian army led by Ptolemy I attacked the Jews in Jerusalem on the Sabbath Day. The Jews of that time were ultra pious and refused to fight on the Holy Day, even in self-defense. The result was that Jerusalem, which had withstood the great assaults of Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar easily fell to Ptolemy…a far lesser king.
312 BC The "Via Appia" (Appian Way) and "Aqua Appia" are constructed
310 BC The Etruscans and Samnites attack Rome, but are defeated at Lake Vadimo
307 BC Two of Alexander's generals rule Greece, (Antigonus I and Demetrius I)
306 BC A trade treaty is agreed between Rome and Carthage.
305 BC Seleucus I becomes king, founding Seleucid dynasty (rules Syria). Mauryan Empire expands after the defeat of Seleucus I Nicator
304 BC Seleucus gives up his claim on India to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Rome makes peace with the Samnites and other enemies.
304-30 BC The Ptolemies.
301 BC Phrygia becomes a part of the Seleucid empire. Ptolemy I rules Palestine and Egypt
300 BC Chinese states build huge walls against the barbarians, still fight each other also. Seleucus controls Iran, Mesopotamia, n. Syria and most of Asia Minor. Rice farming begins in Japan. Latin gradually wins over other Italic languages.
One of his disciples was Diogenes of Sinope who rejected the authority of the state so completely that he even refused to live in a house, choosing instead a big barrel! He became the founder of the Cynics, from the Greek word for "canine" because his disciples were said to "live like dogs".
Another of Socrates' disciples was Aristippus of Cyrene. He too rejected the state. He went in an opposite direction of Diogenes (who loved utter simplicity) and founded the pursuit of hēdonē - pleasure. At first Hedonism was not what it came to be, e.g. a total surrender to orgiastic appetites but was instead much closer to Solomon's advice in Ecclesiastes to appreciate the simple pleasures of food, drink, work and love as gifts from God.
The most famous of Socrates' disciples was the Athenian Plato. Horrified by his master's death, he quit public life to reflect, write, and travel. He did not return to Athens until 387 BC, when he founded the Academy.
396 BC The city of Veii, an Etruscan city, was conquered by the Romans and the Celts. The Etruscan civilization was falling. Rome began its conquest of Italy.
395 BC Athens, Argos, Corinth & Thebes form a league and against Sparta and in the Spring of 395 they launch what became known as the Corinthian War. This war took, off and on, nearly a decade. During the course of this war Athens gradually regained its preeminence.
394 BC Sparta defeats the League; Greek states war with each other
391 BC Romans, under the dictator Camillus, defeat the Etruscans
390 BC Gauls sack and burn Rome but fail to take the capital
387 BC Plato, a student of Socrates, founded the Academy in Athens. Employing the Socratic method of endlessly asking questions, he opened the minds of a whole new generation of upper class Greek youth. Years later, among his students was a Macedonian youth named Aristotle of Stagira.
384 BC Aristotle (philosopher and scientist), student of Plato, was born. He died somewhere around 322 BC. Demosthenes, a Greek orator also lived from around 384-322 BC.
382 BC Philip II (Philip of Macedon) is born
380 BC Last real Egyptian dynasty (the XXXth). Athens was were rebuilt and its navy revived. A new Athenian league took shape, drawn up along more equitable lines than before, as a confederacy rather than as a collection of vassal states.
371 BC The Theban "Sacred Band" and its new form of phalanx proved its worth against the Spartans when the Spartans attacked Thebes and were swiftly routed.
367 BC The first plebeian consul is elected to the assembly
362 BC The Thebans were once again victorious against the Spartans but afterwards returned peacefully to their farms. Nothing had been really settled. It was just that everyone was too exhausted and financially crippled to continue.
359 BC Illyrians invade western Macedonia. Philip II became the king of Macedon. Appointed regent at the age of 23 for his infant nephew - his brother, the king, had died in battle - Philip bought off or otherwise eliminated three half brothers for the position while simultaneously repulsing two foreign invasions. Somehow, in the midst of the chaos, the infant heir "vanished" and Philip managed to persuade the army that he should be declared king in the infant's stead.
358 BC Phillip II repulses the Illyrian invasion and extends his kingdom
357-356 BC The Social War is waged between Macedon and Athens
356 BC Alexander the Great, son of Philip II, was born. The temple of Delphi was destroyed in the Sacred War.
353 BC Crossbow invented in China
350 BC Revolt of the Jews against Artaxerxes III in Persia
348 BC Rome signs treaty with Carthage
347 BC Plato wrote Dialogues as though recording a conversation with his teacher and mentor Socrates.
343 BC The First Samnite War between Rome and the Samnites; Artaxerxes III of Persia recaptures Egypt and founds the 31st dynasty
340 BC The Latin Wars began. Macedonia conquers Thrace
339 BC Fourth Sacred War, between Macedonia and Athens
338 BC King Philip II defeated the Athenians and Thebans at Chaeronea and unites all Greece under his rule. First Roman coinage? Tribes and cities of Latin League revolt against Rome. Romans are victorious at Trifanum and the League is dissolved.
c338-336 BC King Philip II was assassinated, and his son Alexander III (the Great) took the throne. Now the king of Macedonia, Alexander began to conquer the Greek city-states and expanded the Greek empire to Egypt, southern Europe, and northern India, spreading Greek culture and knowledge along the way.
336 BC Artaxerxes III is assassinated; succeeded by Darius lIl on Persian throne
335 BC Alexander defeated Thebes.
334 BC Alexander the Great begins campaign against Persia; Alexander defeats Darius III in Anatolia. Lydia becomes a tributary of Macedon
333 BC Alexander the Great defeats Darius III again at battle of Issus. Persia is conquered by Alexander the Great. Phrygia falls under Macedonian rule. Israel comes under the rule of Alexander the Great.
332 BC Alexander takes the city of Tyre after siege. The end of the Phoenician empire. When Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated the Persians at Issus in 333 BC he was given Egypt by the Persian Satrap. He then built the city of Alexandria on the Egyptian coast and commissioned its library. The city would become the economic and cultural hub of Asia, Africa, and Europe and would house the world’s first university.
332 BC-395 AD Graeco-Roman Period
331 BC Alexander renews Persian campaign and defeats Darius III at Arbela. Persian capital of Persepolis burned by Alexander the Great. Persians defeated at Gaugamela.
330 BC Darius III is assassinated, leaving Alexander in control of Persia. He occupies Babylon.
327 BC Second Samnite War, Roman troops are defeated and humiliated; Alexander begins invasion of India
c324-323 BC Alexander the Great dies (age 33) in Babylon (no named successor). His body lies in state for two years while they prepare his catafalque.
323 BC Alexander's body is buried at Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy Soter becomes pharoah of Egypt after Alexander's death. Lydia absorbed into the Seleucid kingdom. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote Elements, considered one of the most important books on mathematics ever written.
323-31 BC HELLENISTIC PERIOD. After Alexander’s death Antigonid Macedon, Ptolemaic Egypt, and Seleucid Syria emerged as the three major kingdoms. Greece suffered from internal revolts. Seleucis I, one of Alexander's generals, established a Middle East empire with capitals at Antioch in Syria and Seleucia in Iraq.
321 BC Summer of 321 Alexander's body is marched westward from Babylon in a golden carriage with garlanded columns and a gem-encrusted vault - basically a mini Greek temple on wheels. It is pulled by 64 mules, yoked four abreast, each with jewel-studded collars from which hung golden bells. In the beautiful carriage lay Alexander in a coffin of hammered gold, covered by a purple canopy and fragrant with spices. The procession was headed for Macedonia but Ptolemy, who ruled as satrap of Egypt, co-opted the body and had it taken to Alexandria on the Nile Delta. Unfortunately for Alexander's legacy of a united world, his generals foughght the "War of the Diadochi" over the conquered lands. Meanwhile, in India, Chandragupta founded the Mauryan dynasty.
320 BC Maurya takes control of Magadha and crosses the Indus into central India. Egypt takes Libya as a province. The Egyptian army led by Ptolemy I attacked the Jews in Jerusalem on the Sabbath Day. The Jews of that time were ultra pious and refused to fight on the Holy Day, even in self-defense. The result was that Jerusalem, which had withstood the great assaults of Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar easily fell to Ptolemy…a far lesser king.
312 BC The "Via Appia" (Appian Way) and "Aqua Appia" are constructed
310 BC The Etruscans and Samnites attack Rome, but are defeated at Lake Vadimo
307 BC Two of Alexander's generals rule Greece, (Antigonus I and Demetrius I)
306 BC A trade treaty is agreed between Rome and Carthage.
305 BC Seleucus I becomes king, founding Seleucid dynasty (rules Syria). Mauryan Empire expands after the defeat of Seleucus I Nicator
304 BC Seleucus gives up his claim on India to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Rome makes peace with the Samnites and other enemies.
304-30 BC The Ptolemies.
301 BC Phrygia becomes a part of the Seleucid empire. Ptolemy I rules Palestine and Egypt
300 BC Chinese states build huge walls against the barbarians, still fight each other also. Seleucus controls Iran, Mesopotamia, n. Syria and most of Asia Minor. Rice farming begins in Japan. Latin gradually wins over other Italic languages.
200s BC
298 BC Gauls join Samnites and Latins against Rome in the Third Samnite War
297 BC Lighthouse at Alexandria built
290 BC Third Samnite War ends with Roman victory in central Italy. Aristarchus, a Greek philosopher, was the first to suggest that the sun was the center of the solar system! Unfortunately his writings no longer exist but scholars do know about him because Archimedes, whose writings have been preserved, referred to Aristarchus as holding this “COMPLETELY NONSENSICAL NOTION.” Indeed, Aristarchus was born centuries before his time.
287 BC Full equality between patricians and plebeians is agreed. The plebeians pass a new law: the decisions of the assembly can override the Senate. Birth of Archimedes (Greek mathematician)
285 BC Reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Egypt)
280 BC King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated the Romans at Heraclea during the Pyrrhic War.
279 BC Gauls invade Macedonia. Once again King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated the Romans at Heraclea. In both encounters The Romans suffered more casualties that the King Pyrrhus' army did, but having a larger supply of men they were able to easily replace their losses and eventually win. This led to the phrase "pyrrhic victory". It means a victory in which one suffered such devastating losses that it can hardly be considered a victory. Usually it means that the "victor" is one strike away from utter defeat. Even though he won the battle, he has effectively lost the war.
278 BC Three Hellenistic kingdoms developed. Ptolemies in Egypt, Seleucids in Babylonia & Syria, and Antigonids in Macedonia.
276 BC Antigonus Gonatus drives the Gauls from Macedonia. Birth of Euclid (mathematician) .
275 BC Pyrrhus of Epirus invades Italy with his terrifying elephant cavalry and 20,000 soldiers. Pyrrhus and his weakened army leave Italy, power of Greece in southern Italy is broken. Colossus of Rhodes is completed
273 BC King Asoka (Buddhist) rules Mauryan empire uniting central and northern India
272 BC The Gauls sack Delphi while heading to Asia Minor
265 BC Rome dominates the entire Italian peninsula. Rome begins pursuing a larger empire. Many more wars develop.
264 BC First Punic War to take Carthage for dominance of Mediterranean was waged. First recorded public gladiator fight in Rome.
262 BC Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedonia, conquers some of the Greek states
260 BC The first gladiator contests were held by the Romans, who at this point ruled most of modern-day Italy. The Indian ruler Ashoka converted to Buddhism, spurring its spread through Asia. The first overland trade routes developed between China and India; they would soon become part of the Silk Road, connecting the goods, innovations, and philosophies of the Far East and Europe. Gunpowder was invented in China.
254 BC Rome takes Panormus in Sicily from Carthage
250 BC Judea is part of Ptolemaic empire based in Egypt. Hebrew scriptures are translated into Greek (Septuagint). Apollonius (Greek mathematician) begins work in astronomy .
247 BC Arsaces founds the Parthian dynasty
246 BC Birth of Hannibal the great war general and enemy of Rome. Ptolemy III rules in Egypt .
241 BC Romans won Sicily which becomes its first province. Carthage gives up Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia and pays Rome an indemnity. End of First Punic War.
240 BC The Athenian Greek Erastothenes approximated the size of the earth, the angle of its tilt and its distance from the sun! He was friends with Archimedes. Can you imagine THEIR conversations?
239 BC Carthaginian mercenaries revolt which Hamilcar Barca crushes. Egyptians introduce the concept of the leap year.
238 BC Carthaginians begin conquest of Spain
237 BC Birth of Scipio Africanus, the general who leads Rome in the Second Punic War
234 BC Cato the Elder is born
232 BC The Mauryan Empire begins to disintegrate and Greeks set up kingdoms
229 BC Dardanians invade Macedonia
225 BC Gallic invasion crushed at Telamon, northern Italy
224 BC Earthquake destroyed the Colossus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
223 BC Antiochus III (the Great) succeeds his father and restores power to Seleucid Empire
221 BC The structure Circus Flaminius was built. The founding of China. Ch'in dynasty in China begins with Shih Huang Ti, declares himself emperor. Philip V rules Macedonia. Ptolemy IV Philopater rules in Egypt.
220 BC Qin Shih Huang-di united China for the first time and became emperor; work began on the Great Wall of China (to keep out the Mongolians). Carthaginian commander Hannibal led his army (and elephants) across the Mediterranean, Spain and the Alps to attack the Romans. New technology: the Chinese invented the compass, leading to safer travel and improved mapmaking.
218-201 BC Second Punic War brought the defeat of General Hannibal of Carthage.
218 BC Second Punic War (218-201) between Rome and Carthage begins. Hannibal crosses the Pyrannes then the Alps with elephants and invades Italy. Hannibal defeats Roman army at Lake Trasimene in Italy.
216 BC Hannibal wins another great victory, at Cannae (worst defeat the Romans suffer)
215 BC Hannibal is defeated by the Roman, Marcellus, at Nola in southern Italy. The Great Wall of China is built.
214 BC Marcellus begins conquest of Sicily
212 BC Shi Huangdi has all historical documents burned and books are banned
211 BC First Macedonian War, in which the Macedonians and the Carthaginians fight Rome
210 BC Silk-based material is used for writing on, and Chinese script is standardized
209 BC Civil war in China results in the overthrow of the Ch'in dynasty
207 BC Former Han dynasty in China
206 BC Scipio defeats the Carthaginians in Spain
205 BC Rome and Macedonia sign a non-aggression pact. Reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in Egypt. Polybius is born (historian) .
203 BC Rosetta Stone carved (records Epiphanes ascension). Hannibal is recalled to Carthage to repel a Roman invasion by Scipio .
202 BC Hannibal is defeated by Scipio at Zama in n. Africa
202 BC Reign of the Han dynasty founded by Lui Pang
201 BC Second Punic War ends. Carthage pays another indemnity and releases Spain and other colonies.
c200-100 BC Dead Sea Scrolls – (Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek) Several hundred scrolls and fragments include the oldest copies of OT books and passages
200 BC Second Macedonian War between Greeks and Philip V of Macedon. Rome attacks Macedonia. Philip is forced to surrender Greece. Germanic groups expanding. Last Etruscan cities fall to Roman expansion.
297 BC Lighthouse at Alexandria built
290 BC Third Samnite War ends with Roman victory in central Italy. Aristarchus, a Greek philosopher, was the first to suggest that the sun was the center of the solar system! Unfortunately his writings no longer exist but scholars do know about him because Archimedes, whose writings have been preserved, referred to Aristarchus as holding this “COMPLETELY NONSENSICAL NOTION.” Indeed, Aristarchus was born centuries before his time.
287 BC Full equality between patricians and plebeians is agreed. The plebeians pass a new law: the decisions of the assembly can override the Senate. Birth of Archimedes (Greek mathematician)
285 BC Reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Egypt)
280 BC King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated the Romans at Heraclea during the Pyrrhic War.
279 BC Gauls invade Macedonia. Once again King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated the Romans at Heraclea. In both encounters The Romans suffered more casualties that the King Pyrrhus' army did, but having a larger supply of men they were able to easily replace their losses and eventually win. This led to the phrase "pyrrhic victory". It means a victory in which one suffered such devastating losses that it can hardly be considered a victory. Usually it means that the "victor" is one strike away from utter defeat. Even though he won the battle, he has effectively lost the war.
278 BC Three Hellenistic kingdoms developed. Ptolemies in Egypt, Seleucids in Babylonia & Syria, and Antigonids in Macedonia.
276 BC Antigonus Gonatus drives the Gauls from Macedonia. Birth of Euclid (mathematician) .
275 BC Pyrrhus of Epirus invades Italy with his terrifying elephant cavalry and 20,000 soldiers. Pyrrhus and his weakened army leave Italy, power of Greece in southern Italy is broken. Colossus of Rhodes is completed
273 BC King Asoka (Buddhist) rules Mauryan empire uniting central and northern India
272 BC The Gauls sack Delphi while heading to Asia Minor
265 BC Rome dominates the entire Italian peninsula. Rome begins pursuing a larger empire. Many more wars develop.
264 BC First Punic War to take Carthage for dominance of Mediterranean was waged. First recorded public gladiator fight in Rome.
262 BC Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedonia, conquers some of the Greek states
260 BC The first gladiator contests were held by the Romans, who at this point ruled most of modern-day Italy. The Indian ruler Ashoka converted to Buddhism, spurring its spread through Asia. The first overland trade routes developed between China and India; they would soon become part of the Silk Road, connecting the goods, innovations, and philosophies of the Far East and Europe. Gunpowder was invented in China.
254 BC Rome takes Panormus in Sicily from Carthage
250 BC Judea is part of Ptolemaic empire based in Egypt. Hebrew scriptures are translated into Greek (Septuagint). Apollonius (Greek mathematician) begins work in astronomy .
247 BC Arsaces founds the Parthian dynasty
246 BC Birth of Hannibal the great war general and enemy of Rome. Ptolemy III rules in Egypt .
241 BC Romans won Sicily which becomes its first province. Carthage gives up Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia and pays Rome an indemnity. End of First Punic War.
240 BC The Athenian Greek Erastothenes approximated the size of the earth, the angle of its tilt and its distance from the sun! He was friends with Archimedes. Can you imagine THEIR conversations?
239 BC Carthaginian mercenaries revolt which Hamilcar Barca crushes. Egyptians introduce the concept of the leap year.
238 BC Carthaginians begin conquest of Spain
237 BC Birth of Scipio Africanus, the general who leads Rome in the Second Punic War
234 BC Cato the Elder is born
232 BC The Mauryan Empire begins to disintegrate and Greeks set up kingdoms
229 BC Dardanians invade Macedonia
225 BC Gallic invasion crushed at Telamon, northern Italy
224 BC Earthquake destroyed the Colossus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
223 BC Antiochus III (the Great) succeeds his father and restores power to Seleucid Empire
221 BC The structure Circus Flaminius was built. The founding of China. Ch'in dynasty in China begins with Shih Huang Ti, declares himself emperor. Philip V rules Macedonia. Ptolemy IV Philopater rules in Egypt.
220 BC Qin Shih Huang-di united China for the first time and became emperor; work began on the Great Wall of China (to keep out the Mongolians). Carthaginian commander Hannibal led his army (and elephants) across the Mediterranean, Spain and the Alps to attack the Romans. New technology: the Chinese invented the compass, leading to safer travel and improved mapmaking.
218-201 BC Second Punic War brought the defeat of General Hannibal of Carthage.
218 BC Second Punic War (218-201) between Rome and Carthage begins. Hannibal crosses the Pyrannes then the Alps with elephants and invades Italy. Hannibal defeats Roman army at Lake Trasimene in Italy.
216 BC Hannibal wins another great victory, at Cannae (worst defeat the Romans suffer)
215 BC Hannibal is defeated by the Roman, Marcellus, at Nola in southern Italy. The Great Wall of China is built.
214 BC Marcellus begins conquest of Sicily
212 BC Shi Huangdi has all historical documents burned and books are banned
211 BC First Macedonian War, in which the Macedonians and the Carthaginians fight Rome
210 BC Silk-based material is used for writing on, and Chinese script is standardized
209 BC Civil war in China results in the overthrow of the Ch'in dynasty
207 BC Former Han dynasty in China
206 BC Scipio defeats the Carthaginians in Spain
205 BC Rome and Macedonia sign a non-aggression pact. Reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in Egypt. Polybius is born (historian) .
203 BC Rosetta Stone carved (records Epiphanes ascension). Hannibal is recalled to Carthage to repel a Roman invasion by Scipio .
202 BC Hannibal is defeated by Scipio at Zama in n. Africa
202 BC Reign of the Han dynasty founded by Lui Pang
201 BC Second Punic War ends. Carthage pays another indemnity and releases Spain and other colonies.
c200-100 BC Dead Sea Scrolls – (Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek) Several hundred scrolls and fragments include the oldest copies of OT books and passages
200 BC Second Macedonian War between Greeks and Philip V of Macedon. Rome attacks Macedonia. Philip is forced to surrender Greece. Germanic groups expanding. Last Etruscan cities fall to Roman expansion.
100s BC
198 BC Judea part of Seleucid empire under Antiochus III and IV
197 BC King Philip V lost to Roman forces at Kynoskephalai (Cynoscephalae)
190 BC Lydia absorbed into the Pergamum kingdom. Syrian war, defeat of Syrian king Antiochus III by Romans. Birth of Hipparchus (Greek astronomer)
185 BC The last of the Mauryans overthrown, the Sungas rule Magadha
183 BC Hannibal commits suicide to avoid being captured by the Romans
180 BC Ptolemy VI Philometor rules in Egypt
179 BC The structure Basilica Aemilia was built. Perseus (son of Philip V) continues the war with Rome
175 BC Phraates I begins to expand Parthian rule. Antiochus IV Epiphanes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire
171 BC Third Macedonian War, Macedonians under Perseus attack Rome once again. Mithridates I founds the Parthian Empire
170 BC First recorded paved streets appear in Rome. Antiochus IV invades Egypt
168 BC In the battle of Pydna, the Romans defeat the Macedonians and capture Perseus. Macedonia forced to pay tribute to Rome. Macedonian Wars end, Rome begins to expand east .
167 BC Antiochus IV persecutes the Jews
164 BC Judas Maccabaeus defeats the Syrians and frees Jerusalem (Hanukkah)
160 BC Judas Maccabeus is killed in battle against Syrians. His brother Jonathan leads the Jews
159 BC First water clock in Rome
157 BC Judaea becomes independent
156 BC Dalmatia is Romanized
155 BC Early important Taoist manuscripts are compiled. The reign of Menander begins, greatest Indo-Greek king.
150 BC Macedonian revolt led by Andriscus defeats a Roman legion.
149 BC Third Punic War by Romans against Carthage under Scipio the Younger. Fourth Macedonian war, Macedon is conquered and becomes a Roman province .
148 BC Rome puts down a Macedonian revolt
147 BC Greece falls under Roman control
148 BC Macedonia and Greece are annexed by Rome
146 BC Third Punic War ended with the Roman capture and destruction of Carthage. Rome gains control of Carthaginian territory. Rome gains Spain, Asia Minor, Greece, N. Africa and Egypt from Carthage. Carthaginian inhabitants sold into slavery and the capital city is burned. Province of Africa created.
197 BC King Philip V lost to Roman forces at Kynoskephalai (Cynoscephalae)
190 BC Lydia absorbed into the Pergamum kingdom. Syrian war, defeat of Syrian king Antiochus III by Romans. Birth of Hipparchus (Greek astronomer)
185 BC The last of the Mauryans overthrown, the Sungas rule Magadha
183 BC Hannibal commits suicide to avoid being captured by the Romans
180 BC Ptolemy VI Philometor rules in Egypt
179 BC The structure Basilica Aemilia was built. Perseus (son of Philip V) continues the war with Rome
175 BC Phraates I begins to expand Parthian rule. Antiochus IV Epiphanes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire
171 BC Third Macedonian War, Macedonians under Perseus attack Rome once again. Mithridates I founds the Parthian Empire
170 BC First recorded paved streets appear in Rome. Antiochus IV invades Egypt
168 BC In the battle of Pydna, the Romans defeat the Macedonians and capture Perseus. Macedonia forced to pay tribute to Rome. Macedonian Wars end, Rome begins to expand east .
167 BC Antiochus IV persecutes the Jews
164 BC Judas Maccabaeus defeats the Syrians and frees Jerusalem (Hanukkah)
160 BC Judas Maccabeus is killed in battle against Syrians. His brother Jonathan leads the Jews
159 BC First water clock in Rome
157 BC Judaea becomes independent
156 BC Dalmatia is Romanized
155 BC Early important Taoist manuscripts are compiled. The reign of Menander begins, greatest Indo-Greek king.
150 BC Macedonian revolt led by Andriscus defeats a Roman legion.
149 BC Third Punic War by Romans against Carthage under Scipio the Younger. Fourth Macedonian war, Macedon is conquered and becomes a Roman province .
148 BC Rome puts down a Macedonian revolt
147 BC Greece falls under Roman control
148 BC Macedonia and Greece are annexed by Rome
146 BC Third Punic War ended with the Roman capture and destruction of Carthage. Rome gains control of Carthaginian territory. Rome gains Spain, Asia Minor, Greece, N. Africa and Egypt from Carthage. Carthaginian inhabitants sold into slavery and the capital city is burned. Province of Africa created.
First Century BC
87 BC Babylonians made the first record of Halley’s Comet. Glassblowing was invented by the Phoenicians, greatly increasing the production and use of glassware.
86 BC Roman General Sulla seized Athens.
54 BC General Julius Caesar conquered Gaul (central and northern Europe) for the Romans. Upon returning to Rome, he declared himself dictator.
51 BC Land trade routes were now firmly established between the Far East and the West. Cleopatra became the queen of Egypt. She would be the last Pharaoh.
50 BC Caesar and Pompey compete for control of Rome.
49 BC Caesar crosses the Rubicon; "Alea jacta est." The die is cast.
48 BC Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia.
47 BC Roman troops destroyed Egypt’s Alexandrian library, the classical world’s largest archive of knowledge. As many as 100,000 ancient Greek and Roman texts were lost forever. Herod becomes the governor of Galilee. Cleopatra has Pompey murdered in Egypt. Caesar writes "De Bello Civili" his commentaries on the wars in Gaul.
46 BC Africa becomes a Roman province. The Julian calendar (comprising 365.25 days) is adopted and the leap year is introduced.
45 BC Caesar adopts his nephew Gaius Octavius and makes him his heir.
44 BC The assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius Longinus marks the end of the Roman Republic. Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Gaius Form the Second triumvirate. Gaius becomes Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (more popularly known as Octavius).
42 BC The Second Triumvirate defeats Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. The losers commit suicide.
40 BC Herod is appointed King of Judea.
38 BC Mark Antony returns to Egypt.
37-4 BC Herod the Great rules Israel as a Roman vassal
31 BC Octavian Caesar defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra. They both commit suicide. Octavian became emperor of the Roman world. Octavius declared himself Augustus, the first Roman emperor and reigns until 14 AD.
30 BC The Romans begin building the Pantheon in Rome. It will be completed in 124 AD.
27 BC Rome conquered Egypt which they then ruled for almost 700 years.
23 BC The first recorded wrestling match in Japan occurs.
9 BC Drusus and Tiberius reach Germania as far as the Elbe.
6 BC Judaea is annexed by Rome.
c4 BC This is the probable date that Jesus Christ was born in Judea (Israel) at Bethlehem. Herod the Great dies and Judaea is divided among his sons.
4 BC - 39 AD Herod Antipas
86 BC Roman General Sulla seized Athens.
54 BC General Julius Caesar conquered Gaul (central and northern Europe) for the Romans. Upon returning to Rome, he declared himself dictator.
51 BC Land trade routes were now firmly established between the Far East and the West. Cleopatra became the queen of Egypt. She would be the last Pharaoh.
50 BC Caesar and Pompey compete for control of Rome.
49 BC Caesar crosses the Rubicon; "Alea jacta est." The die is cast.
48 BC Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia.
47 BC Roman troops destroyed Egypt’s Alexandrian library, the classical world’s largest archive of knowledge. As many as 100,000 ancient Greek and Roman texts were lost forever. Herod becomes the governor of Galilee. Cleopatra has Pompey murdered in Egypt. Caesar writes "De Bello Civili" his commentaries on the wars in Gaul.
46 BC Africa becomes a Roman province. The Julian calendar (comprising 365.25 days) is adopted and the leap year is introduced.
45 BC Caesar adopts his nephew Gaius Octavius and makes him his heir.
44 BC The assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius Longinus marks the end of the Roman Republic. Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Gaius Form the Second triumvirate. Gaius becomes Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (more popularly known as Octavius).
42 BC The Second Triumvirate defeats Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. The losers commit suicide.
40 BC Herod is appointed King of Judea.
38 BC Mark Antony returns to Egypt.
37-4 BC Herod the Great rules Israel as a Roman vassal
31 BC Octavian Caesar defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra. They both commit suicide. Octavian became emperor of the Roman world. Octavius declared himself Augustus, the first Roman emperor and reigns until 14 AD.
30 BC The Romans begin building the Pantheon in Rome. It will be completed in 124 AD.
27 BC Rome conquered Egypt which they then ruled for almost 700 years.
23 BC The first recorded wrestling match in Japan occurs.
9 BC Drusus and Tiberius reach Germania as far as the Elbe.
6 BC Judaea is annexed by Rome.
c4 BC This is the probable date that Jesus Christ was born in Judea (Israel) at Bethlehem. Herod the Great dies and Judaea is divided among his sons.
4 BC - 39 AD Herod Antipas
First Century AD
5 AD Cymbeline, king of the Catuvellauni, is recognized by Rome as the king of Britton, "Rex Brittonum". He rules from 5-40. Saul (later Paul) was born in Tarsus of Cilicia.
6 AD Roman Procurators begin rule
6-15 AD Annas I
c7-8 AD Christ in temple at age 12
9 AD Varus' army is destroyed in the Teutonburg Forest by the Cherusci, who were led by Arminius.
14 AD Augustus died. Tiberius became Roman emperor (14-37 AD)
15 AD Thessalonica protested increased taxation by Tiberius and had her status as a free city removed as a result.
15-20 AD Paul studied under Gamaliel in Jerusalem.
16 AD the first definite reference to diamonds is found in the Latin poetry of Manilius.
22-220 AD The Later (Eastern) Han Dynasty in China.
26 AD John the Baptist begins his ministry. Jesus baptized and begins to teach; He characterizes rabbinic teaching (the Mishna) as "vain tradition'. Tiberius retired to Capri, leaving the administration of Rome in the hands of his prefect of the Praetorian Guard, Sejanus.
26-36 AD Pontius Pilate
27 AD This is the probable date of Jesus' baptism by John the Baptist.
c27-28 AD John the Baptist imprisoned and beheaded.
29 AD Christ at the Feast of the Tabernacles and the Feast of Dedication
30 AD This is the probable date of Jesus' crucifixion. Pontius Pilate, Roman governor of Judea, ordered the execution of Jesus. Jesus crucified and raised from the dead. The Holy Ghost comes and permanently inhabits Christians at Shavuot (Pentecost); The Christian church was born. Chinese silks reached Rome for the first time.
34 AD Around October Paul converts to Jesus as he travels on the way to Damascus to persecute Christians.
37 AD Tiberius died. His great-nephew and adopted grandson Caligula succeeds him. Caligula's real name was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Caligula was a nickname his father (general Tiberius) gave him which meant "little soldier's boot."
37-41 AD Caligula became Roman emperor.
37-44 AD Herod Agrippa I
40 AD Gentiles were added to the church with the conversion of Cornelius. One of the earliest churches was built in Corinth at this point.
41 AD Emperor Caligula, was murdered by the Praetorian Guard. Claudius became Roman emperor (41-54 AD)
42 AD Antioch became the new center of church activity
43 AD Claudius won victories in Britain. The British armies, led by Caractacus, were defeated at Medway. This was Rome’s third invasion of England and they would conquer it by 77 AD. London is founded. Christianity began to spread: the apostle Paul took it to Turkey, Greece, and Syria. Thomas took it to India. Theudas claimed to be Messiah and was executed
44 AD James martyred and Peter imprisoned
44-100 AD Herod Agrippa II
45 AD Paul begins his missionary endeavors.
47 AD Plutarch, the Greek historian is born. He dies in 120 AD.
47-59 AD Ananias, son of Nedebaeus, is the high priest (Acts 23:2). He is killed by the Sacarii in AD 66.
49-50 AD Jerusalem Council. Paul, Titus and Barnabas leave Antioch for Jerusalem to bring questions of some import to the Beit Din in Jerusalem.
50-52 AD Paul’s second missionary journey. Paul, Silas and Timothy return to Lystra and travel through Asia Minor to Troas. They minister in some of the earliest churches planted in Europe, including Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea. The Gothic kingdom set up on the Lower Vistula close to the Baltic in Poland. The Gauls teach the Romans the use of soap.
51 AD Paul has to flee Berea and Thessalonica, leaving Timothy and Silas to continue ministering without him. He writes 1 Thessalonians a few months after his expulsion from there. The second letter is written very shortly afterwards, perhaps in 52. Timothy then rejoins Paul in Athens and brings word of the work that had been done in Macedonia after Paul's departure.
51-52 AD Timothy returns to Thessalonica, encouraging the believers there and bringing Paul's letter with him.
52 AD Timothy meets Paul in Corinth, bringing news of the Thessalonicans to the Apostle.
53-57 AD Paul’s third missionary journey. Paul probably revisited Thessalonica since he was visiting the churches planted in Macedonia.
54 AD Claudius was poisoned by his own wife Agrippina. Her son Nero became the next Roman emperor (54-68 AD).
54-56 AD Timothy joins Paul at Ephesus to help the Apostle during his three year missionary efforts.
56 AD Paul send Timothy from Ephesus with his first epistle to the Corinthians. Paul then sends Titus to mediate the conflict between Paul and the Corinthians.
57 AD Paul goes to Corinth. While there he and Timothy pen the epistle to the Romans.
58 AD The Chinese Emperor Ming-Ti introduced Buddhism.
59-61/62 AD The apostle Paul was imprisoned at Caesarea. In 59 Nero had his mother Agrippina killed.
60 AD Paul appeared before Agrippa. Timothy attends to Paul from 60-62 during his first imprisonment in Rome.
62 AD Nero had his wife Octavia killed and married Poppaea Sabina instead. Paul is released from his arrest. He goes to Ephesus and appoints Timothy as the chief elder.
62-64 AD Paul writes 1 Timothy and Titus. He commissions Titus to train future elders for the Cretan congregations.
64 AD July 18-24, Rome is burnt. Emperor Nero falsely blamed the Christians, spurring their first persecution
65 AD Upon Nero's orders, Seneca committed suicide.
66 AD The Jews of Judea revolted against Rome.
67 AD Paul returns to Rome, is arrested but this time is placed in the Mamertine prison. From there he writes 2 Timothy. He was martyred either late in 67 or early in 68.
68 AD Civil war broke out in Rome. Nero commotted suicide and was succeeded by:
- Galba (June 69-January 69)
- Otho (January-April 69)
- Vitellius (January-December 69)
- Vespasian (December 69-79)
69 AD Jerusalem was besieged by the Romans.Jochanan ben Zakkai sought an audience with Vespasian.
70 AD Jewish citizens in Judea rebelled against the Romans after the temple was desecrated. Most of the city – including the temple – was destroyed by General Titus as the Romans crushed the uprising. The Jews were taken into slavery and exiled. This exile was called the Diaspora.
73 AD The last stand of the Jewish rebels at Masada
79-81 AD Titus became Roman emperor.
81-96 AD Domitian became Roman emperor.
90-95 AD John exiled on Patmos
95 AD Revelation written
96-98 AD Nerva became Roman emperor.
97 AD Death of Nerva
98-116 AD Trajan became Roman emperor. It was under his leadership that the Roman Empire reached its geographical zenith. In 98 Colonia Nervia Glevensis, which later became the city of Gloucester, was founded.
100s
113 AD Rome went to war with Parthia
116 AD A further Jewish revolt against Rome is suppressed with great severity
117 AD Hadrian becomes emperor of Rome (117-138 AD). The Roman empire was at its peak. It extended at this point from the Persian Gulf to Egypt to Turkey to North Africa to most of Europe and Britain. It had more than five million inhabitants. Hadrian visited Britain.
122-127 AD Hadrian's Wall, extending from Tyne to Solway, was erected.
122-135 AD Bar Kochba claimed to be Messiah and led a revolt against Rome.
132 AD Judea depopulated and the Jews denationalized by the Romans
138 AD Antoninus Pius became Roman emperor until 161 AD.
150 AD Tertullian was born.
161-180 AD Marcus Aurelius is the Roman emperor.
167-175 AD The wars of the Marcomanni and the Quadi.
180 AD Marcus Aurelius is succeeded by his son Commodus who rules until 192 BC. Meanwhile the Roman armies suffer defeats at the hands of the Scottish and retreat to Hadrian's Wall.
192 AD Commodus was murdered.
193 AD Septimius Severus (193-211) becomes the next emperor.
197 AD Albinus declares himself to be the emperor of Britain but died in the Battle of Lyons.
116 AD A further Jewish revolt against Rome is suppressed with great severity
117 AD Hadrian becomes emperor of Rome (117-138 AD). The Roman empire was at its peak. It extended at this point from the Persian Gulf to Egypt to Turkey to North Africa to most of Europe and Britain. It had more than five million inhabitants. Hadrian visited Britain.
122-127 AD Hadrian's Wall, extending from Tyne to Solway, was erected.
122-135 AD Bar Kochba claimed to be Messiah and led a revolt against Rome.
132 AD Judea depopulated and the Jews denationalized by the Romans
138 AD Antoninus Pius became Roman emperor until 161 AD.
150 AD Tertullian was born.
161-180 AD Marcus Aurelius is the Roman emperor.
167-175 AD The wars of the Marcomanni and the Quadi.
180 AD Marcus Aurelius is succeeded by his son Commodus who rules until 192 BC. Meanwhile the Roman armies suffer defeats at the hands of the Scottish and retreat to Hadrian's Wall.
192 AD Commodus was murdered.
193 AD Septimius Severus (193-211) becomes the next emperor.
197 AD Albinus declares himself to be the emperor of Britain but died in the Battle of Lyons.
200s
200 AD The Huns begin a series of incursions into Afghanistan (200-540 AD)
211 AD During a visit to Britain, Emperor Septimus died at York. He was succeeded by his sons Caracalla (211-217AD) and Geta who was promptly murdered by his brother Caracalla.
212 AD With the motto "Civis Romanus Sum" (I am a Roman citizen), Roman citizenship is extended to very freeborn subject within the empire.
217 AD When Caracalla is in his turn assassinated, Heliogabalus became the emperor from 218 to 222 AD.
220 AD About this time the Han dynasty ended in China and was followed by four hundred years of division. Meanwhile, the Goths were invading Asia Minor and the Balkan Peninsula.
222-235 AD The Emperor Alexander Severus reigned.
225 AD The Andgra dynasty in the Deccan region dies, and the southern part of India breaks up into several kingdoms.
226 AD The Sassanids in Persia (Ctesiphon)
235-284 AD The Barbarians (Germans, Goths, and Persians) attacked Rome
250 BC The classic Mayan period began in Central America and Mexico. It would last until 900 AD, marked by the building of temples, pyramids, and large city-states, such as Palenque, Chichen, Itza and Tikal. It was also the beginning of the Axum Empire in Ethiopia, which would have prosperous cities along the major trade route of the Red Sea.
267 AD Goths ruined Athens, Sparta, and Corinth.
284 AD Diocletian restored order to Rome.
286 AD Emperor Diocletian divided the weakening Roman empire in two halves (eastern and western), with two emperors, forming modern Greece (the Byzantine Empire). The Hohokam people found “Snaketown” on the Gila River in Arizona, employing organized labor to build an elaborate irrigation network. New technology: stirrups were invented in China; warriors can now use swords and spears more effectively while on horseback.
300s
302 AD Diocletian banned Christians from the Roman Army
312 AD Constantine, emperor of the western half of the Roman Empire, converted to Christianity. This is known as the beginning of the Roman Catholic Church and is the impetus for the Christian domination of the Western world. The first church was built on the site of what would become the center of the Catholic Church – the Vatican. Within 20 years, Constantine would conquer the east, defeating Maxentius to become absolute ruler of a reunited Rome. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium and changed the name to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul in Turkey).
330 AD Buddhism continued to spread through Asia and by this point was practiced in China and Mongolia.
337 AD Constantine died
363 AD Persians captured Mesopotamia. The Battle of Ctesiphon occurs between the Roman Emperor Julian and the Sassanid king Shapur II.
312 AD Constantine, emperor of the western half of the Roman Empire, converted to Christianity. This is known as the beginning of the Roman Catholic Church and is the impetus for the Christian domination of the Western world. The first church was built on the site of what would become the center of the Catholic Church – the Vatican. Within 20 years, Constantine would conquer the east, defeating Maxentius to become absolute ruler of a reunited Rome. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium and changed the name to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul in Turkey).
330 AD Buddhism continued to spread through Asia and by this point was practiced in China and Mongolia.
337 AD Constantine died
363 AD Persians captured Mesopotamia. The Battle of Ctesiphon occurs between the Roman Emperor Julian and the Sassanid king Shapur II.
400s
410 AD The Visigoths, a Germanic tribe, attacked and plundered Rome. Teotihuacan (in Central Mexico) was a highly developed city – the largest in the world, with a population of about 200,000. New Technology: Greeks invented the catapult, the first artillery weapon.
438 AD St. Patrick orders the beginning of a three year collection and examination of all of Ireland's laws in preparation for the writing of the Senchus Mor, the codified laws of Ireland.
450 AD Under the leadership of Attila, the Huns, a nomadic equestrian tribe from central Asia, invaded northern Europe and the eastern Roman Empire. Attila’s palace was built in Hungary.
455 AD Rome is sacked by the Vandals.
476 AD Rome fell, marking the end of the western Roman Empire and the start of the European Dark Ages. The eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire would last another 1,000 years.
486 AD Although he is little more than a tribal chieftain, Clovis expelled the Roman rulers from Gaul and became the first King of France.
438 AD St. Patrick orders the beginning of a three year collection and examination of all of Ireland's laws in preparation for the writing of the Senchus Mor, the codified laws of Ireland.
450 AD Under the leadership of Attila, the Huns, a nomadic equestrian tribe from central Asia, invaded northern Europe and the eastern Roman Empire. Attila’s palace was built in Hungary.
455 AD Rome is sacked by the Vandals.
476 AD Rome fell, marking the end of the western Roman Empire and the start of the European Dark Ages. The eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire would last another 1,000 years.
486 AD Although he is little more than a tribal chieftain, Clovis expelled the Roman rulers from Gaul and became the first King of France.
500s
541 AD The Justinian Plague, named after the Byzantine emperor, affected the Mediterranean region. By 544 it would kill 25% to 50% of the population. Buddhism reached Japan.
570 AD Mohammad was born in Mecca. Ethiopians invaded western Arabia
570 AD Mohammad was born in Mecca. Ethiopians invaded western Arabia
600s
600 AD Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean began. New Technology: Yokes and collars that allow animals to pull heavier plows, and new methods of crop rotation increase production and population. Mayans made paper from bark.
603-628 AD War between the Byzantine Empire and Sasanid Persia.
610 AD According to Islamic belief, Mohammed was visited by the angel Gabriel near Mecca and was given the word of God, eventually written as the Quran.
619 AD Khadijah and Abu-Talib die.
620 AD The abortive flight of the Muslims to Taif.
622 AD Mohammed’s flight from Mecca to Medina marks the creation of the first ummah, the start of the Islamic calendar and the beginning of the Islamic Era. This event is referred to as the Hijrah.
624 AD The Muslims defeat the pagan Meccans at the Battle of Badr.
625 AD The Meccans avenge themselves at the Battle of Uhud.
627 AD The Muslims foiled a Meccan attack at the Battle of the Trench.
628 AD Hudaybiyah truce between Muhammad and the Meccans.
630 AD Mohammed’s army took Mecca. Macca's pagan leaders accepted Islam and are merged into the Muslim ummah.
630-632 AD Arab tribal delegations accept Muhammad as their leader.
632 AD Mohammed died. By the time of his death he had converted most of the Arabian Peninsula to Islam. His associates chose Abu-Bakr as the first caliph. Caliph was the title for the religious and political successor to Mohammad. The riddah (rebellion) of the Arab tribes occurred.
633 AD The Muslim armies crushed the riddah and finished conquering the Arabian peninsula.
634 AD The Muslims defeated a Byzantine army and started to conquer areas outside of Arabia. Umar succeeded Abu-Bakr as the next caliph.
636 AD The Arabs beat the Byzantines at the Battle of the Yarmuk.
637 AD The Battle of Qadisiyah enabled the Arabs to take Ctesiphon and western Persia from the Sasanids.
638 AD Arab conquest of Jerusalem
639-642 AD The Arabs took Egypt from the Byzantine Empire.
640 AD Caliph Omar conquered Egypt. Islam began to spread through North Africa by force of arms. Arab garrison towns were set up at Basrah and Kufah.
641 AD Slavs overran Greece
644 AD Umar was murdered. The shura elected Uthman as the next caliph.
651 AD The death of the last Sasanid shah completed the Arab conquest of Persia.
653 AD Uthman established a standard version of the Quran by burning all variant readings.
656 AD Rebels murdered Uthman. Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, became the next caliph. The Battle of the Camel opened the first fitnah (civil war). Bloody civil wars lead to a major split in Islam between the majority Sunnis, who would take control, and the Shiites, who followed Ali. The split endures to this day.
657 AD Mu'awiyah challenged Ali at the Battle of Siffin. The issues were later submitted to arbitration by Ali.
659 AD In the end the arbitration went against Ali, who was then challenged by the Kharijites.
661 AD The Kharijites killed Ali and his son Hasan abdicated to Mu'awiyah.
661-750 AD Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.
667 AD The Arabs crossed the Oxus River into the partially Turkic Transoxiana.
669-678 AD First Arab siege of Constantinople.
670 AD Arab troops crossed North Africa and founded the city of Qayrawan in Tunisia. Only decades from its inception, the Islamic Empire at this point extended from India through the Middle East and North Africa, and would expand to include Spain and southern Europe. This included Jerusalem, a holy city to the Jews, Christians and Muslims.
680 AD Mu'awiyah designated his son Yazid as his successor just before he died. Husayn challenged the Umayyad rule and was killed at Karbala.
682-692 AD There was a second fitnah when Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr founded a rival caliphate in Mecca. The northern and southern Arab tribes quarreled.
684 AD Pro-Umayyad southern Arabs defeated the northern Arabs.
685-687 AD Mukhtar led the mawali revolt in Kufah.
685-705 AD Caliph Abd al-Malkik restored order, resumed conquests, and later Arabized his bureaucracy and coinage.
691 AD The Dome of the Rock mosque was built on the Temple Mount
603-628 AD War between the Byzantine Empire and Sasanid Persia.
610 AD According to Islamic belief, Mohammed was visited by the angel Gabriel near Mecca and was given the word of God, eventually written as the Quran.
619 AD Khadijah and Abu-Talib die.
620 AD The abortive flight of the Muslims to Taif.
622 AD Mohammed’s flight from Mecca to Medina marks the creation of the first ummah, the start of the Islamic calendar and the beginning of the Islamic Era. This event is referred to as the Hijrah.
624 AD The Muslims defeat the pagan Meccans at the Battle of Badr.
625 AD The Meccans avenge themselves at the Battle of Uhud.
627 AD The Muslims foiled a Meccan attack at the Battle of the Trench.
628 AD Hudaybiyah truce between Muhammad and the Meccans.
630 AD Mohammed’s army took Mecca. Macca's pagan leaders accepted Islam and are merged into the Muslim ummah.
630-632 AD Arab tribal delegations accept Muhammad as their leader.
632 AD Mohammed died. By the time of his death he had converted most of the Arabian Peninsula to Islam. His associates chose Abu-Bakr as the first caliph. Caliph was the title for the religious and political successor to Mohammad. The riddah (rebellion) of the Arab tribes occurred.
633 AD The Muslim armies crushed the riddah and finished conquering the Arabian peninsula.
634 AD The Muslims defeated a Byzantine army and started to conquer areas outside of Arabia. Umar succeeded Abu-Bakr as the next caliph.
636 AD The Arabs beat the Byzantines at the Battle of the Yarmuk.
637 AD The Battle of Qadisiyah enabled the Arabs to take Ctesiphon and western Persia from the Sasanids.
638 AD Arab conquest of Jerusalem
639-642 AD The Arabs took Egypt from the Byzantine Empire.
640 AD Caliph Omar conquered Egypt. Islam began to spread through North Africa by force of arms. Arab garrison towns were set up at Basrah and Kufah.
641 AD Slavs overran Greece
644 AD Umar was murdered. The shura elected Uthman as the next caliph.
651 AD The death of the last Sasanid shah completed the Arab conquest of Persia.
653 AD Uthman established a standard version of the Quran by burning all variant readings.
656 AD Rebels murdered Uthman. Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, became the next caliph. The Battle of the Camel opened the first fitnah (civil war). Bloody civil wars lead to a major split in Islam between the majority Sunnis, who would take control, and the Shiites, who followed Ali. The split endures to this day.
657 AD Mu'awiyah challenged Ali at the Battle of Siffin. The issues were later submitted to arbitration by Ali.
659 AD In the end the arbitration went against Ali, who was then challenged by the Kharijites.
661 AD The Kharijites killed Ali and his son Hasan abdicated to Mu'awiyah.
661-750 AD Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.
667 AD The Arabs crossed the Oxus River into the partially Turkic Transoxiana.
669-678 AD First Arab siege of Constantinople.
670 AD Arab troops crossed North Africa and founded the city of Qayrawan in Tunisia. Only decades from its inception, the Islamic Empire at this point extended from India through the Middle East and North Africa, and would expand to include Spain and southern Europe. This included Jerusalem, a holy city to the Jews, Christians and Muslims.
680 AD Mu'awiyah designated his son Yazid as his successor just before he died. Husayn challenged the Umayyad rule and was killed at Karbala.
682-692 AD There was a second fitnah when Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr founded a rival caliphate in Mecca. The northern and southern Arab tribes quarreled.
684 AD Pro-Umayyad southern Arabs defeated the northern Arabs.
685-687 AD Mukhtar led the mawali revolt in Kufah.
685-705 AD Caliph Abd al-Malkik restored order, resumed conquests, and later Arabized his bureaucracy and coinage.
691 AD The Dome of the Rock mosque was built on the Temple Mount
700s
708-715 AD Arabs conquered Sind, Transoxiana, and Spain.
717-720 AD Caliph Umar II equalized the status of Arabs and mawali (non-Arab Muslims).
720-759 AD Arabs conquered and occupied southern France.
724-743 AD Caliph Hisham reorganized the fiscal system.
732 AD Europeans defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours.
738 AD Kharijite revolt in Iraq against the Umayyad rule.
739-742 AD Kharijites and Berbers revolted in North Africa.
747 AD Abu-Muslim, backed by the Shi'i mawali, started the Abbasid revolt in Khurasan.
749 AD The Abbasids took Kufah and proclaimed Abu al-Abbas as the caliph.
717-720 AD Caliph Umar II equalized the status of Arabs and mawali (non-Arab Muslims).
720-759 AD Arabs conquered and occupied southern France.
724-743 AD Caliph Hisham reorganized the fiscal system.
732 AD Europeans defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours.
738 AD Kharijite revolt in Iraq against the Umayyad rule.
739-742 AD Kharijites and Berbers revolted in North Africa.
747 AD Abu-Muslim, backed by the Shi'i mawali, started the Abbasid revolt in Khurasan.
749 AD The Abbasids took Kufah and proclaimed Abu al-Abbas as the caliph.
750
One of my ancestors of Princess Sabd De Ossory. Born on 750 to Prince Maelaithgen De Ossory and Princess Feargna De Leinster. Princess Sabd married King Wihtgar Elessason De Isle and had a child, Earl Oslac Witgarson, Grand Butler of Wessex. The Kingdom of Osraighe (older spelling: Osraige, reformed spelling: Osraí), anglicized as Ossory, was an ancient kingdom of Ireland.
Also, during that year, the Abbasids defeated and murdered the Umayyads of Damascus.
750-1258 AD The Abbasid caliphate existed in Iraq.
751 AD The Arabs defeated the Chinese. In the process, paper was introduced to the Middle East. 754 AD The Abbasids executed Abu-Muslim, alienating many Persians.
Also, during that year, the Abbasids defeated and murdered the Umayyads of Damascus.
750-1258 AD The Abbasid caliphate existed in Iraq.
751 AD The Arabs defeated the Chinese. In the process, paper was introduced to the Middle East. 754 AD The Abbasids executed Abu-Muslim, alienating many Persians.
756 AD Pepin III of France defended Rome against invaders. Pope Stephen II crowns him king of France; Pepin gives territories to the pope. This establishes a papal state, sets a precedent for Church-appointed rulers in Europe and gives the Roman Church actual political power.
756-1030 AD Ummayyad dynasty ruled in Cordoba.
762 AD Baghdad was founded as the new Abbasid capital.
756-1030 AD Ummayyad dynasty ruled in Cordoba.
762 AD Baghdad was founded as the new Abbasid capital.
784
Kent, England
Ealhmund was King of Kent in 784. The only contemporary evidence of him is an abstract of a charter dated in that year, in which Ealhmund granted land to the Abbot of Reculver. By the following year Offa of Mercia seems to have been ruling directly, as he issued a charter without any mention of a local king.
786-809 AD Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid
788 AD The Berber revolts brought the Idrisids to power in Morocco.
788 AD The Berber revolts brought the Idrisids to power in Morocco.
800s
800 AD French king Charlemagne (Charles the Great) conquered almost all of Europe. He was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III, marking the start of the Holy Roman Empire in Europe. The first castles were built in western Europe.
800-909 AD The Aghlabid dynasty in Tunis
800-909 AD The Aghlabid dynasty in Tunis
802
One of my ancestors was Egbert (also spelled Ecgberht or Ecgbriht; ca. 769 or 771 – 839) was King of Wessex from 802 until his death in 839. His father was Ealhmund of Kent. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne. Over the long haul he successfully maintained the independence of Wessex from predations by the Kingdom of Mercia.
803 AD Harun al-Rashid dismisssed the Barmakid vezirs.
809-813 AD Succession struggle between Amin and Mamun.
813-833 AD Caliphate of al-Mamun, who courted Shi'i support, founded Bayt al-Hikmah, sponsored the translation of ancient Greek writings and espoused Mu'tazilite doctrines.
816-833 AD The Babaks rebel in Azerbaijan.
820-873 AD Tahirid dynasty in Khurasan.
825 AD Arabs invaded Sicily.
833-842 AD Caliph Mu'tasim increased the importation of Turkish slaves.
836-1465 Saffarid dynasty in Persia.
809-813 AD Succession struggle between Amin and Mamun.
813-833 AD Caliphate of al-Mamun, who courted Shi'i support, founded Bayt al-Hikmah, sponsored the translation of ancient Greek writings and espoused Mu'tazilite doctrines.
816-833 AD The Babaks rebel in Azerbaijan.
820-873 AD Tahirid dynasty in Khurasan.
825 AD Arabs invaded Sicily.
833-842 AD Caliph Mu'tasim increased the importation of Turkish slaves.
836-1465 Saffarid dynasty in Persia.
839
Aethelwulf
One of my ancestors was Æthelwulf, also spelled Aethelwulf or Ethelwulf; Old English: Æþelwulf, meaning 'Noble Wolf', was King of Wessex from 839 until his death in 858. He is the only son who can indisputably be accredited to King Egbert of Wessex.
843 Treaty of Verdun split up the Carolingian Empire and laid the groundwork for the later Franco Prussian War which led to World War I which led to World War II. Crazy, I know, but it's what it looks like to me. Europe was split into West, Middle and East Francia with no thought at all of the linguistic and cultural differences of the people it affected. This set up conflicts that continued all the way into the 20th century.
848
Alfred the Great
One of my ancestors was Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd, Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel"; 848/849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.
871 AD Muslims now dominated sea trade; Islam had spread to southeast Asia. Alfred the Great became the first king of England.
871 AD Muslims now dominated sea trade; Islam had spread to southeast Asia. Alfred the Great became the first king of England.
850 AD This was the Islamic golden age (Europe would remain in the Dark Ages for centuries), maked by continuing advances in the arts and sciences. Persian mathematician al-Khwarizmi wrote Kitab Al-Jabr was al-muqabalah, from which we get the term algebra.
874
One of my ancestors, Edward the Elder (Old English: Ēadweard se Ieldra) (c. 874-877– 17 July 924) was an English King. He became king in 899 upon the death of his father, Alfred the Great.
Meanwhile, this is also the year of the disappearance of Muhammad, the twelfth Shi'i imam.
874- 999 AD Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana and Khurasan.
Meanwhile, this is also the year of the disappearance of Muhammad, the twelfth Shi'i imam.
874- 999 AD Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana and Khurasan.
900s
901-906 AD Qarmatians ravage Syria and Iraq; later they sack Mecca.
909 AD Fatimids seized power in Tunis and founded the Shi'i caliphate.
909 AD Fatimids seized power in Tunis and founded the Shi'i caliphate.
922
One of my ancestors, Edmund I (Old English: Ēadmund) (922 – 26 May 946), called the Elder, the Deed-doer, the Just, or the Magnificent, was King of England from 939 until his death.
929-1003 AD Hamdanid dynasty in northern Syria and Iraq
930 AD The Althing, the oldest functioning parliament in the world, was established in Iceland.
932-1062 AD Buyid dynasty in western Persia and Iraq
943
Edgar the Peaceful
One of my ancestors, Edgar the Peaceful, or Edgar I (Old English: Ēadgār) (c. 7 August 943 – 8 July 975), also called the Peaceable, was a king of England (r. 959–75).
945 AD Buyids occupy Baghdad
956 AD Turkic leader Seljuk converted to Islam.
960-1302 AD Seljuk dynasty in Transoxiana, spread to Persia, Iraq and Anatolia.
962-1186 AD Ghaznavid dynasty in Khurasan, spread to India.
969-1171 AD Fatimid dynasty in Egypt, sometimes also in Syria and Hijaz
970s AD Suljuk Turks infiltrated Transoxiana.
971 AD Al-Azhar university was founded in Cairo.
956 AD Turkic leader Seljuk converted to Islam.
960-1302 AD Seljuk dynasty in Transoxiana, spread to Persia, Iraq and Anatolia.
962-1186 AD Ghaznavid dynasty in Khurasan, spread to India.
969-1171 AD Fatimid dynasty in Egypt, sometimes also in Syria and Hijaz
970s AD Suljuk Turks infiltrated Transoxiana.
971 AD Al-Azhar university was founded in Cairo.
978
Æthelred the Unready
One of my ancestors, Æthelred the Unready, or Æthelred II (c. 968 – 23 April 1016), was king of England (978–1013 and 1014–1016).
996-1021 AD Reign of Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim, venerated by the Druze.
998-1030 AD Reign of Ghaznavid Amir Mahmud, conqueror of India.
998-1030 AD Reign of Ghaznavid Amir Mahmud, conqueror of India.
OK - You've had 1,000 years to get used to it being the ADs. Enough with the ADs already. From this point on it's just the year.
1000s
Battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066
1000 Mississippian culture flourished in North America. Native chiefs ran territorial governments. Maize, beans and squash were cultivated. The largest city, Cahokia (near present-day St. Louis) had a population of 10,000. Viking Lief Eriksson landed in North America.
1040 Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids and took over Khurasan.
1055 The Seljuks took control of Baghdad.
1061-1091 The Normans took Sicily from the Arabs.
1063-1072 The Seljuks conquered Georgia and Armenia.
1066 The Norman Conquest: William of Normandy, a French duke, conquered the English and became king, creating England’s first stable monarchy. Many historians call this the true beginning of English history.
1071 Seljuks defeated Byzantines at Manzikert and entered Anatolia.
1075 Seljuk Turkish Muslims took Jerusalem.
1085 The Spanish Christians captured Toledo.
1090s The rise of the Assassins in Persia and Syria.
1092 Malikshah's death ended Seljuk unity.
1095 The Christian Crusades began, a series of nine “holy” wars started in Europe and sanctioned by the pope to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims. They would last until 1291.
1097-1098 Crusaders take Antioch after a long siege.
1099 Crusaders found the "Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem."
1040 Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids and took over Khurasan.
1055 The Seljuks took control of Baghdad.
1061-1091 The Normans took Sicily from the Arabs.
1063-1072 The Seljuks conquered Georgia and Armenia.
1066 The Norman Conquest: William of Normandy, a French duke, conquered the English and became king, creating England’s first stable monarchy. Many historians call this the true beginning of English history.
1071 Seljuks defeated Byzantines at Manzikert and entered Anatolia.
1075 Seljuk Turkish Muslims took Jerusalem.
1085 The Spanish Christians captured Toledo.
1090s The rise of the Assassins in Persia and Syria.
1092 Malikshah's death ended Seljuk unity.
1095 The Christian Crusades began, a series of nine “holy” wars started in Europe and sanctioned by the pope to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims. They would last until 1291.
1097-1098 Crusaders take Antioch after a long siege.
1099 Crusaders found the "Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem."
1100s
1127 Zengi, a former Seljuk officer, took over Mosul.
1144 Zengi led the Muslim capture of the Crusader County of Edessa.
1146-1174 The reign of Zengi's son Nur al-Din in Syria
1147-1149 The Second Crusade failed to recapture Edessa.
1157 The Khwarizm Turks end the Seljuk rule in Khurasan.
1171-1193 The reign of Salah al-Din ("Saladin") in Cairo.
1171-1250 Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt (1174-1260 in Cairo).
1180-1225 Brief revival of Abbasid caliphate.
1187 Salah al-Din defeated the Crusaders at Hittin and took Jerusalem.
1189-1193 Third Crusade took Acre, but not Jerusalem.
1144 Zengi led the Muslim capture of the Crusader County of Edessa.
1146-1174 The reign of Zengi's son Nur al-Din in Syria
1147-1149 The Second Crusade failed to recapture Edessa.
1157 The Khwarizm Turks end the Seljuk rule in Khurasan.
1171-1193 The reign of Salah al-Din ("Saladin") in Cairo.
1171-1250 Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt (1174-1260 in Cairo).
1180-1225 Brief revival of Abbasid caliphate.
1187 Salah al-Din defeated the Crusaders at Hittin and took Jerusalem.
1189-1193 Third Crusade took Acre, but not Jerusalem.
1200s
1202-1204 Fourth Crusade took Constantinople.
1206 Temujin united the Mongol peoples and became the “Universal
Ruler” – Ghengis Khan. He began making conquests with a very mobile – and very brutal – army. In less than 100 years, he and his descendants would expand their small empire into the largest the world has ever known, extending from the Sea of Japan, through China and India, all the way to Eastern Europe.
1206-1227 Reign of Jenghiz Khan (Ghengis Khan), Mongol emperor.
1206 Temujin united the Mongol peoples and became the “Universal
Ruler” – Ghengis Khan. He began making conquests with a very mobile – and very brutal – army. In less than 100 years, he and his descendants would expand their small empire into the largest the world has ever known, extending from the Sea of Japan, through China and India, all the way to Eastern Europe.
1206-1227 Reign of Jenghiz Khan (Ghengis Khan), Mongol emperor.
1215 Magna Carta
Gilbert de Clare, co-author of the Magna Carta and my ancestor
1215 English barons force King John to adopt the Magna Carta (“Great Charter”), a seminal document in the history of constitutional government. Its provisions limited the power of royalty and guaranteed an individual’s basic civil liberties. It is considered a predecessor of the American Bill of Rights.
Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, 5th Earl of Gloucester (1180 – 25 October 1230) was my ancestor. He was the son of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford. In 1215 Gilbert and his father Richard were two of the barons who made the Magna Carta sureties. In 1225 he was present at the confirmation of the Magna Carta by Henry III.
Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, 5th Earl of Gloucester (1180 – 25 October 1230) was my ancestor. He was the son of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford. In 1215 Gilbert and his father Richard were two of the barons who made the Magna Carta sureties. In 1225 he was present at the confirmation of the Magna Carta by Henry III.
1218-1221 Fifth Crusade, directed against Egypt
1220 Jenghiz Khan defeated the Khwarizm Turks, and entered Khurasan.
1228-1229 Sixth Crusade led to a treaty, which let Christians rule Jerusalem and other Holy Land cities for a ten year period.
1236 The Spanish Christians captured Cordoba.
1243 Mongols defeated the Seljuks in the Battle of Kose Dagh.
1248-1254 Seventh Crusade, directed against Egypt, was repelled by the Mamluks.
1250 The Shona people built hundreds of cities in southwest Africa. The most elaborate: Great Zimbabwe, a 1,800 acre stone complex. Roger Bacon Made the earliest gunpowder recipe in Europe.
1250-1517 Mamluk sultanate in Egypt (1260-1516 in Syria and Hijaz)
1256 Mongols, led by Hulegu, captured the Assassin stronghold in Persia.
1256-1349 Il-Khanid dynasty in Persia
1258 Hulegu's forces sacked Baghdad, ending the Abbasid caliphate.
1260 Mamluks defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut.
1270 Eighth Crusade, directed against Tunis
1291 Acre was taken by the Mamluks
1295-1304 Reign of Ghazan Khan, Il-Khanid convert to Islam.
1297 Sir William Wallace, along with Andrew Moray, defeated the English at Stirling Castle.
1299-1923 Ottoman Empire
1300s
1300 Mayan civilization collapsed. Islam became the official religion of the Mongol Empire, further helping its spread through Asia. Spectacles were invented in Italy.
1305 Sir William Wallace was captured in Robryoston near Glasgow and executed by the English. He hung, drawn, castrated, disemboweled and had his intestine burnt before him for his temerity in resisting a foreign king. Finally he was beheaded, his body cut into four parts. His head was placed on a pike and displayed publicly.
1314 June 24th the Battle of Bannockburn in Scotland gave Robert the Bruce a decisive if not final victory over the English in the First War Scottish Independence.
1325 Osman I ruled the Turks. He is regarded as the father of the Ottoman Empire, which would thrive until World War I. In Mexico, the Aztec Empire began with the founding of Tenochtitlan.
1326 After a long siege, the Ottomans took Bursa, which became their capital.
1329 Robert the Bruce died leaving his son David to reign as a child.
1305 Sir William Wallace was captured in Robryoston near Glasgow and executed by the English. He hung, drawn, castrated, disemboweled and had his intestine burnt before him for his temerity in resisting a foreign king. Finally he was beheaded, his body cut into four parts. His head was placed on a pike and displayed publicly.
1314 June 24th the Battle of Bannockburn in Scotland gave Robert the Bruce a decisive if not final victory over the English in the First War Scottish Independence.
1325 Osman I ruled the Turks. He is regarded as the father of the Ottoman Empire, which would thrive until World War I. In Mexico, the Aztec Empire began with the founding of Tenochtitlan.
1326 After a long siege, the Ottomans took Bursa, which became their capital.
1329 Robert the Bruce died leaving his son David to reign as a child.
1336 George Dunbar
Dunbar Castle
1336 One of my ancestors, George Dunbar, 9th Earl of Dunbar was born in Scotland. Between 1370 and 1390 referred to in contemporary sources by as Lord of Annandale and the Isle of Man. He held the office of Warden of the Marches in 1372. He fought in the Battle of Otterburn in 1388, where he took command of the Scots after the death of ‘Black Douglas.'
In 1400 he renounced his allegiance to King Robert III on that King's eldest son and heir the Duke of Rothesay breaking off his engagement to the 9th Earl's daughter Elizabeth. He fought in the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402, with the English. He fought in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, with the English against Harry Hotspur, now in rebellion. In 1406 after King Robert III's death, he negotiated with the Regent a renewal of allegiance to the Scottish Crown, though at the price of the Lordship of Annandale among other possessions. His son Sir David Dunbar of Cockburn was the son through which my line ran.
In 1400 he renounced his allegiance to King Robert III on that King's eldest son and heir the Duke of Rothesay breaking off his engagement to the 9th Earl's daughter Elizabeth. He fought in the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402, with the English. He fought in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, with the English against Harry Hotspur, now in rebellion. In 1406 after King Robert III's death, he negotiated with the Regent a renewal of allegiance to the Scottish Crown, though at the price of the Lordship of Annandale among other possessions. His son Sir David Dunbar of Cockburn was the son through which my line ran.
1347 The bubonic plague swept across Europe, killing 25 million people.
1354 The Ottomans crossed the Dardanelles Strait, in order to take Ankara.
1361 Ottomans capture Adrianople (Edirne)
1369-1405 Reign of Timur Leng (Tamerlane), who took Central and Southwest Asia and founded the Timurid dynasty.
1371 Ottomans conquered Bulgaria and Macedonia.
1378-1469 Black Sheep Turcomans ruuled Iraq and Anatolia
1387-1502 White Sheep Turcomans ruled Azerbaijan and Armenia.
1389 Ottomans defeated the Serbs at Kosovo.
1389-1402 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I
1391-1398 First Ottoman siege of Constantinople
1396 Ottomans defeated the Crusaders at Nicopolis
1397-1398 Bayezid took Konya and the rest of Muslim Anatolia.
1354 The Ottomans crossed the Dardanelles Strait, in order to take Ankara.
1361 Ottomans capture Adrianople (Edirne)
1369-1405 Reign of Timur Leng (Tamerlane), who took Central and Southwest Asia and founded the Timurid dynasty.
1371 Ottomans conquered Bulgaria and Macedonia.
1378-1469 Black Sheep Turcomans ruuled Iraq and Anatolia
1387-1502 White Sheep Turcomans ruled Azerbaijan and Armenia.
1389 Ottomans defeated the Serbs at Kosovo.
1389-1402 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I
1391-1398 First Ottoman siege of Constantinople
1396 Ottomans defeated the Crusaders at Nicopolis
1397-1398 Bayezid took Konya and the rest of Muslim Anatolia.
1400s
1400 AD Europe emerged from the Dark Ages with an unparalleled era of advances in art, literature, and science known as the Renaissance (generally regarded as beginning in Florence, Italy).
1400-1401 Timur ravaged Syria and invaded Anatolia
1402 Timur defeated the Ottomans at Ankara and captured Bayezid I
1402-1413 Interregnum and civil war in the Ottoman Empire
1415 Massive revolt against Mehmet I; Ottomans retook Izmir.
1421-1451 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Murad II
1441-1442 John Hunyadi of Transylvania halted the Ottoman armies
1444 Crusaders invaded the Balkans and were repelled by the Ottomans at Varna.
1450 Johannes Gutenberg became the first in the West to invent movable type and a printing press, making possible the mass production of books.
1451-1481 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II "the Conqueror"
1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe).
1478 The bloody Spanish Inquisition was formed to rid the nation of “heretics” and enemies of the Catholic Church. Incan civilization covered the entire western coast of South America; the Aztec Empire covered most of Central America and Mexico.
1480-1481 Ottomans occupied southern Italy.
1492 Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain searching for a new route to India and accidentally “discovered” the New World. Christians took Granada and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain.
1499-1503 Ottomans took strategic Mediterranean islands.
1400-1401 Timur ravaged Syria and invaded Anatolia
1402 Timur defeated the Ottomans at Ankara and captured Bayezid I
1402-1413 Interregnum and civil war in the Ottoman Empire
1415 Massive revolt against Mehmet I; Ottomans retook Izmir.
1421-1451 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Murad II
1441-1442 John Hunyadi of Transylvania halted the Ottoman armies
1444 Crusaders invaded the Balkans and were repelled by the Ottomans at Varna.
1450 Johannes Gutenberg became the first in the West to invent movable type and a printing press, making possible the mass production of books.
1451-1481 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II "the Conqueror"
1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe).
1478 The bloody Spanish Inquisition was formed to rid the nation of “heretics” and enemies of the Catholic Church. Incan civilization covered the entire western coast of South America; the Aztec Empire covered most of Central America and Mexico.
1480-1481 Ottomans occupied southern Italy.
1492 Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain searching for a new route to India and accidentally “discovered” the New World. Christians took Granada and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain.
1499-1503 Ottomans took strategic Mediterranean islands.
1500s
1501-1736 Safavid dynasty in Persia and parts of Iraq
1507-1622 The Portuguese occupied Hormuz in the Gulf region.
1507-1622 The Portuguese occupied Hormuz in the Gulf region.
1513
Battle of Flodden Field
1513, September 9 The Battle of Flodden - The single largest battle between the Scotts (led by King James IV) and the English (led by the Earl Surrey). The Scotts were, in agreement with their alliance with France, drawing troops away from King Henry VIII's attempts on France. 21 members of my family died in that battle.
1514 Ottomans defeated the Safavids at Chaldiran
1516 Ottomans defeated the Mamluks and captured Syria
1517 Ottomans took Egypt, later also Medina and Mecca
1520-1566 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Suleyman "the Magnificent"
1523-1536 Ibrahim Pasha amassed great power as the grand vezir.
1529 First Ottoman siege of Vienna
1535 First Capitulations treaty between the Ottoman Empire and France
1516 Ottomans defeated the Mamluks and captured Syria
1517 Ottomans took Egypt, later also Medina and Mecca
1520-1566 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Suleyman "the Magnificent"
1523-1536 Ibrahim Pasha amassed great power as the grand vezir.
1529 First Ottoman siege of Vienna
1535 First Capitulations treaty between the Ottoman Empire and France
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus' phenomenal book "On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres", which established that the Sun and not the Earth is the center of our solar system was published just prior to the author's death.
1571 Christians defeated the Ottoman navy at Lepanto; the Turks took Cyprus
1578-1639 Long Ottoman-Safavid War over Iraq and Azerbaijan
1578-1639 Long Ottoman-Safavid War over Iraq and Azerbaijan
1580s
Galileo established hat acceleration creates force. From that principle, he saw, the mass of an object measured by its weight on Earth must be identical with the mass inferred from what happens when it collides with other objects anywhere in the universe or is accelerated by some force. This conclusion is called the equivalence principle. This amazing discovery about the nature of gravitational attraction, is on of the foundations of modern theories of relativity. As if that wasn't enough, he also discovered the satellites of Jupiter with the brand spanking new invention - the telescope.
Galileo also that the energy of an object's motion is its kinetic energy. He was the first to show that (in the absence of friction and other disturbances) this energy increases in proportion with the vertical distance the object falls.
1587-1629 Reign of Safavid Shah Abbas I
Galileo also that the energy of an object's motion is its kinetic energy. He was the first to show that (in the absence of friction and other disturbances) this energy increases in proportion with the vertical distance the object falls.
1587-1629 Reign of Safavid Shah Abbas I
1600s
1606 Ottomans first recognize the Habsburgs as equals in treaty.
1615
Dr. WIlliam Harvey was appointed to the office of Lumleian lecturer August 4th. He dissected animals and people pretty much for the first time since Galen 1,200 years prior. In the process he discovered the functions of the heart, the arteries and the blood.
1616 British East India Company starts trading with Persia.
1618–1648 The Thirty Years War
1618–1648 The Thirty Years War
1620
Bust of Sir Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon publishes Novum Organum in which he describes the Baconian method, or (as we know it today) the scientific method.
1623 Francis Bacon publishes Utopia
1637
Rene Descartes penned his famous saying in French "I think, therefore I am" which in a later edition is published in Latin "cogito ergo sum". Descartes had undertaken the little project of writing a philosophical account of the nature of nothing less than the world. He was a closet Copernican who (among other things) developed the system of geometry in the language of algebra that is still called Cartesian geometry in his honor.
1638 Ottoman Sultan Murad IV ends devshirme system.
1645-1670 Ottoman-Venetian War in eastern Mediterranean.
1648 The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War.
1645-1670 Ottoman-Venetian War in eastern Mediterranean.
1648 The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War.
1650
Battle of Carbisdale by Gerry Embleton
1650, April 27 - The Battle of Carbisdale took place when a Royalist army invaded Scotland from the Orkney Islands. A Covenanter (Presybterian) army defeated them. The Battle of Carbisdale remains a testimony to the Presbyterian, freedom-loving spirit of the Covenanters, and Scotland's ever ill taste for sudden and immediate subjugation of their country.Two of my ancestors, a teenage girl and her young brother, were orphaned at that time and decided to emigrate to America.
1656-1678 Koprulu vezirs begin Ottoman reforms.
1682-1699 Ottoman Empire at war against Habsburg Austria.
1683 Second Ottoman siege of Vienna.
1682-1699 Ottoman Empire at war against Habsburg Austria.
1683 Second Ottoman siege of Vienna.
1687
At the university of Cambridge, Isaac Newton showed that the orbits of the planets are the result of an attractive force between the Sun and each planet. He had effectively described the universal force of gravity which accounts not only for the orbits of the planets and of artificial satellites but even for such mundane and daily things as, say, a falling apple. It also accounts for the roughly spherical shapes of most celestial bodies.
Not done, He also spelled out the rules that specify how objects move under the influence of mechanical forces and, for good measure, devised a novel mathematical technique, known as differential calculus, useful for calculating the orbits of planets and other trajectories.
Much of his work was published in what is now known simply as the Principia. The second edition would be published in 1713 and be widely received.
Not done, He also spelled out the rules that specify how objects move under the influence of mechanical forces and, for good measure, devised a novel mathematical technique, known as differential calculus, useful for calculating the orbits of planets and other trajectories.
Much of his work was published in what is now known simply as the Principia. The second edition would be published in 1713 and be widely received.
1699 Karlowitz treaty; Ottomans ceded Hungary to the Habsburgs.
1700s
1703-1730 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III, the "Tulip Era".
1718 Passarowitz treaty, Ottomans ceded some Balkan lands.
1722 Afghans invaded Persia and weakened the Safavid dynasty.
1729 Turkish printing press introduced in the Ottoman Empire.
1718 Passarowitz treaty, Ottomans ceded some Balkan lands.
1722 Afghans invaded Persia and weakened the Safavid dynasty.
1729 Turkish printing press introduced in the Ottoman Empire.
1735 The Linnaeus system of organizing life by points of commonality is published in Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus.
1736 Nadir expelled the Afghans from Persia and became the shah.
1739 Nadir Shah took Delhi from the Mughals; Belgrade treaty restored some of the Balkan lands to the Ottomans.
1747 The assassination of Nadir Shar led to anarchy in Persia.
1750-1794 Zand dynasty in Persia.
1756 The Treaty of Versailles and the Seven Years War (1756 to 1763)
1768-1774 First Russo-Ottoman War
1774 Kuchuk-Kainarji treaty strengthened Russia on the Black Sea and in the Balkans and laid the basis for the Russian claim to protect Orthodox Christians.
1775-1782 The American colonies fought the Revolutionary War (7 years long) to gain their independence from England.
1787 When Empress Catherine II visited the Crimea in 1787, Russian minister Grigory Potemkin, in an attempt to enhance his standing in the empress' eyes, created hollow facades of non-existent villages along the desolate banks of the Dnieper River in order to fool and impress the monarch with fake conquests.
1787-1792 Russo-Ottoman War resumed, ending in the Jassy treaty.
1789-1807 Riegn of Ottoman Sultan Selim III, who started nizam-i-jedid.
1736 Nadir expelled the Afghans from Persia and became the shah.
1739 Nadir Shah took Delhi from the Mughals; Belgrade treaty restored some of the Balkan lands to the Ottomans.
1747 The assassination of Nadir Shar led to anarchy in Persia.
1750-1794 Zand dynasty in Persia.
1756 The Treaty of Versailles and the Seven Years War (1756 to 1763)
1768-1774 First Russo-Ottoman War
1774 Kuchuk-Kainarji treaty strengthened Russia on the Black Sea and in the Balkans and laid the basis for the Russian claim to protect Orthodox Christians.
1775-1782 The American colonies fought the Revolutionary War (7 years long) to gain their independence from England.
1787 When Empress Catherine II visited the Crimea in 1787, Russian minister Grigory Potemkin, in an attempt to enhance his standing in the empress' eyes, created hollow facades of non-existent villages along the desolate banks of the Dnieper River in order to fool and impress the monarch with fake conquests.
1787-1792 Russo-Ottoman War resumed, ending in the Jassy treaty.
1789-1807 Riegn of Ottoman Sultan Selim III, who started nizam-i-jedid.
1794
Luigi Galvani found in 1794 that a current or a shock of electricity, will make the muscle of a dead frog twitch! Cool!
Also, Antoine Lavoisier had laid the foundations of modern chemistry by the time of his execution in 1794 during the French Revolution.
1794-1925 Qajar dynasty in Persia.
1798 Napoleon occupied Egypt.
1799 After failing to take Acre, Napoleon returned to France. Montenegro declared its independence of the Ottoman Empire.
Also, Antoine Lavoisier had laid the foundations of modern chemistry by the time of his execution in 1794 during the French Revolution.
1794-1925 Qajar dynasty in Persia.
1798 Napoleon occupied Egypt.
1799 After failing to take Acre, Napoleon returned to France. Montenegro declared its independence of the Ottoman Empire.
1800s
1800 John Dalton presents his atomic theory to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.
1802 Treaty of Amiens restored the Ottoman control over Egypt
1803-1815 the Napoleonic Wars
If there is a lesson to be learned from the Napoleonic Wars as well as World War I and II, it is that when millions of people around the world are faced with
1. economic recession,
2. starvation,
3. joblessness,
4. privation,
5. sectarian violence,
6. and other seemingly insurmountable societal ills
they will turn to two things:
1. extremist ideologies and,
2. war.
1803 John Dalton presents his law of partial pressures known as Dalton's Law which describes the absorption of gasses by water and other liquids. He also printed his first table of atomic weights, which included only 6 elements. He concluded that each different kind of atom has a different weight: hydrogen atoms being the lightest and carbon atoms each being roughly twelve times heavier.
1804 First Serbian nationalist revolt
1805-1812 Reign of Mehmet Ali in Egypt
1806-1839 Russo-Persian War, ending in the Treaty of Gulestan, in which Persia ceded part of the Caucasus to Russia.
1808-1839 Reign of Tooman Sultan Mahmud II
1811 Mehmet Ali destroyed the Mamluks, and attacked the Arabian Wahhabis.
1812 Bucharest treaty gave Bessarabia to Russia.
1812-1814 The War of 1812
1814 British treaty promised Persia protection from Russia.
1817 Ottomans recognized Milosh Obrenovich as the Serbian Ruler
1820 Mehmet Ali started the conquest of Sudan; first British pacts with Arab shaykhs in the Gulf Region.
1821-1829 Greek war for independence
1826 Mahumud II massacred the janissaries
1827 Europeans destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino
1827-1828 Russo-Persian War, ending in the Turkmanchai treaty, ceding yet more of the Caucasus mountain region to Russia.
1827-1829 Fourth Russo-Ottoman War
1829 Adrianople treaty granted Serbian autonomy, Greek independence, and more Balkan gains for Russia.
1831 Ibrahim, son of Mehmet Ali, invaded Syria.
1833 Hunkar-Iskelesi treaty allowed Russian warships to pass through the Straits in return for a guarantee of Ottoman territorial integrity.
1838 James Prescott Joule's first papers on electricity were published in the Annals of Electricity. Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Convention lowered the Ottoman import tariffs.
1839 Ibrahim again defeated the Ottomans, whose fleet deserted to Alexandria; Abdulmejid issued Noble Rescript of the Rose Chamber, promising administrative and fiscal reforms. The British occupy Aden.
1840 James Prescott Joule formulated Joule's Law. Joule thought that science and theology should be integrated. European powers confirmed Mehmet Ali's autonomy in Egypt.
1841 European powers signed the Straits navigation convention.
1844 Baha'i movement started in Persia.
1846-1848 Mexican American War
1848-1896 Reign of Nasiruddin Shah in Persia
1851 James Prescott Joule's careful measurements demonstrated that, if disturbing influences are avoided, no energy is lost in the conversion of one form of energy into another. The doctrine is that energy is conserved. Support for this idea remains unanimous to this day. This became known as the First Law of Thermodynamics. The Cairo-Alexandria-Suez railway was built.
1853-1856 Russian occupation of Romania sparked the Crimean War, in which France and Britain helped the Ottomans defeat Russia.
1856 Paris treaty restored Bessarabia to the Ottomans and demilitarized the Black Sea. The Ottoman Imperial Rescript granted equality to Muslims, Christians and Jews.
1856-1857 Anglo-Persian War forced the shah to evacuate Herat.
1802 Treaty of Amiens restored the Ottoman control over Egypt
1803-1815 the Napoleonic Wars
If there is a lesson to be learned from the Napoleonic Wars as well as World War I and II, it is that when millions of people around the world are faced with
1. economic recession,
2. starvation,
3. joblessness,
4. privation,
5. sectarian violence,
6. and other seemingly insurmountable societal ills
they will turn to two things:
1. extremist ideologies and,
2. war.
1803 John Dalton presents his law of partial pressures known as Dalton's Law which describes the absorption of gasses by water and other liquids. He also printed his first table of atomic weights, which included only 6 elements. He concluded that each different kind of atom has a different weight: hydrogen atoms being the lightest and carbon atoms each being roughly twelve times heavier.
1804 First Serbian nationalist revolt
1805-1812 Reign of Mehmet Ali in Egypt
1806-1839 Russo-Persian War, ending in the Treaty of Gulestan, in which Persia ceded part of the Caucasus to Russia.
1808-1839 Reign of Tooman Sultan Mahmud II
1811 Mehmet Ali destroyed the Mamluks, and attacked the Arabian Wahhabis.
1812 Bucharest treaty gave Bessarabia to Russia.
1812-1814 The War of 1812
1814 British treaty promised Persia protection from Russia.
1817 Ottomans recognized Milosh Obrenovich as the Serbian Ruler
1820 Mehmet Ali started the conquest of Sudan; first British pacts with Arab shaykhs in the Gulf Region.
1821-1829 Greek war for independence
1826 Mahumud II massacred the janissaries
1827 Europeans destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino
1827-1828 Russo-Persian War, ending in the Turkmanchai treaty, ceding yet more of the Caucasus mountain region to Russia.
1827-1829 Fourth Russo-Ottoman War
1829 Adrianople treaty granted Serbian autonomy, Greek independence, and more Balkan gains for Russia.
1831 Ibrahim, son of Mehmet Ali, invaded Syria.
1833 Hunkar-Iskelesi treaty allowed Russian warships to pass through the Straits in return for a guarantee of Ottoman territorial integrity.
1838 James Prescott Joule's first papers on electricity were published in the Annals of Electricity. Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Convention lowered the Ottoman import tariffs.
1839 Ibrahim again defeated the Ottomans, whose fleet deserted to Alexandria; Abdulmejid issued Noble Rescript of the Rose Chamber, promising administrative and fiscal reforms. The British occupy Aden.
1840 James Prescott Joule formulated Joule's Law. Joule thought that science and theology should be integrated. European powers confirmed Mehmet Ali's autonomy in Egypt.
1841 European powers signed the Straits navigation convention.
1844 Baha'i movement started in Persia.
1846-1848 Mexican American War
1848-1896 Reign of Nasiruddin Shah in Persia
1851 James Prescott Joule's careful measurements demonstrated that, if disturbing influences are avoided, no energy is lost in the conversion of one form of energy into another. The doctrine is that energy is conserved. Support for this idea remains unanimous to this day. This became known as the First Law of Thermodynamics. The Cairo-Alexandria-Suez railway was built.
1853-1856 Russian occupation of Romania sparked the Crimean War, in which France and Britain helped the Ottomans defeat Russia.
1856 Paris treaty restored Bessarabia to the Ottomans and demilitarized the Black Sea. The Ottoman Imperial Rescript granted equality to Muslims, Christians and Jews.
1856-1857 Anglo-Persian War forced the shah to evacuate Herat.
1858
Charles Darwin's theory of the evolution of species by natural selection is published. He proposed that the evolution of living things is driven by the interaction between the environment of a population of animals or plants and the variations of form or fitness that arise naturally, but unpredictably, within the population. It changed the terms of the debate about humanity's place in the world by emphasizing that people are an integral part of nature.
1860 Druze-Maronite War in Lebanon led to a French intervention.
1861-1865 The American Civil War
1861-1914 Autonomous province of Mount Lebanon.
1862 Louis Pasteur, though not the first to propose the idea, conclusively demonstrates the principle of "omne vivum ex vivo" or "all life comes from life" and puts germ theory on the scientific map. In the process he develops the Pasteurization process that saves countless lives.
1863-1879 Rign of Khedive Isma'il in Egypt
1865 Rudolf Clausius introduced the idea of entropy, which is a measure of the degree to which the internal energy of an object is not accessible for practical purposes, and which is today also equated with the degree of internal disorder on an atomic scale. Basically this principle says that, all things being equal, there will be a tendency for the entropy or disorder of an isolated system to increase. Leave a Volkswagen bug out in a field and it does not become and eighteen wheeler. It rusts away. This became known as the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This law of physics specifies the directions in which systems change with the passage of time and is thus sometimes referred to as the "arrow of time", which implies the capacity of most physical systems to evolve in one direction only.
Also, James Clerk Maxwell published "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". He put forward a mathematical scheme for describing in one set of equations both electricity and magnetism. He had not only given a coherent account of unified electromagnetism but also an explanation of the phenomenon of light. His wave theory is an explanation of all kinds of electromagnetic radiation.
Also, Ottoman public debt administration established
1866 Syrian Protestant College (American University of Beirut) was founded. First Egyptian representative assembly; rebellion in Crete.
1869 Suez canal was opened
1870-1871 Franco/Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871). Paris surrendered on January 28, 1871.
1873 Shah offered (but later revoked) concession to British companies for railway and mining enterprises in Persia.
1875 Isma'il sold Egypt's Suez Canal shares to Britain; rebellion in Bosnia and Herzegovina sparked a Balkan crisis. Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
1876 New Ottomans seized power; Bulgaria revolt crushed; Ottoman constitution issued; Egyptian debt commission established.
1876-1909 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II
1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War, in which the Russians took Romania, Bulgaria, Thrace, and parts of eastern Anatolia.
1878 San Stefano treaty set up large Bulgaria; Ottoman constitution suspended; Berlin treaty reduced Bulgaria's size and curtailed Russian power in the Balkans; Anglo-French Dual Financial Control set up in Egypt.
1879 Egyptian officers' uprising undermined Dual Control; Europeans pressed the sultan to replace Isma'il with Tawfiq.
1881 Europeans took control of Ottoman public debt; Egyptian Nationalist officers took over the government; France occupied Tunis.
1881-1885 Muhammad Ahmad, the Mahdi, led a revolt in Sudan.
1882 The British occupied Egypt and suppressed the nationalist movement.
1883-1907 British consul in Cairo, Lord Cromer, reformed finances and irrigation, strengthening Britain's control over Egypt.
1885 Mahdist rebels took complete control of Sudan.
1885-1888 Eastern Rumelia rebelled, uniting with Bulgaria.
1886 Heinrich Hertz generated the invisible Maxwell waves in the radio frequency range.
1888 Constantinople Convention opened the Suez Canal to all ships.
1890 US troops fought the Lakota in South Dakota. They also fought in Argentina. Persian shah sold the tobacco concession to a British company.
1891 The US fought in Chile and Haiti.
1892 The US Army was pitted against American citizens – striking silver miners – in Idaho. A nationwide tobacco boycott obliged the shah to buy back the tobacco concession he had made in 1890.
1893 The US overthrew an independent kingdom and unilaterally annexed it. It’s called Hawaii.
1894 The US Army was again used to stop a strike in Chicago – this time striking rail workers. They also fought in Nicaragua.
1894-1895 US Marines were involved in the Sino-Japanese war on Chinese soil.
1894-1896 The US fought in Korea.
1895 W. K. Rontgen at Wurtzburg in Bavaria discovered that an electrical discharge in a tube from which as much as possible of the atmospheric gas had been extracted would lead to the emission of a novel kind of radiation, capable of penetrating people's flesh but not their bones - X rays. The US sent its Navy into Panama.
1896 The US fought in Nicaragua. Nasiruddin Shah was assassinated. There was an abortive Young Turk coup against Abdulhamid; Herzl published Der Judenstaat. 1897 First Zionist congress in Basel; Ottomans defeated the Greeks. 1898 Anglo-Egyptian army captured the Sudan.
1898-1900 The US fought the Boxer Rebellion in China.
1898-1902 The US seized Cuba from Spain and continues to hold Guantanamo to this day.
1898-1910 Meanwhile we seized the Philippines from Spain in the Spanish American War, killing 600,000 Filipinos in the process. We also got Puerto Rico and Guam as our reward. 1898 was a busy year because we also fought the Chippewa in Minnesota and also landed Marines in Nicaragua.
1899 The US participated in a battle for the throne in Samoa. We also returned to Nicaragua with another Marine invasion.
1899-1901 The US Army occupied the mining region of Idaho. 1899-1956 Sudan condominium under Britain and Egypt.
1900-1950
1901 on the 12th of December Guglielmo Marconi spanned the Atlantic with radio waves, founding the global communications industry. US troops battled the Creek Indians in Oklahoma.
1901-1914 The US fought in and took the Panama Canal.
1899-1902 Philippine American War
1903 US Marines intervened in Honduras.
1903-1904 US intervened in the Dominican Republic.
1904-1905 US Marines landed in Korea during the Sino Japanese War.
1906-1909 US intervened in Cuba’s election.
1907 US sent troops into both Nicaragua and Honduras.
1908 US troops intervened in Panama’s elections.
1910 US troops were in Nicaragua.
1911 The US intervened in Honduras’ civil war.
1911-1941 US naval troops continually occupied China.
1912 The US intervened in Cuba’s civil war, Panama’s election, and sent troops into Honduras.
1912-1933 The US continually occupied Nicaragua.
1913 US troops evacuated Americans from Mexico during its revolution.
1914 The US fought over Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. US troops broke up a miner’s strike in Colorado.
1914-1918 World War I. During that same period they also fought nationalists in Mexico.
1914-1934 The US bombed and occupied Haiti.
1915 US Federal troops crushed a “Mexican American” rebellion.
1916-1924 The US continuously occupied Nicaragua.
1917-1933 US troops occupy Cuba.
1918-1920 The US conducted a “police action” in Panama to “assist” their elections.
1918-1922 The US landed five times in Russia to fight the Bolsheviks.
1919 US troops “helped” the Hondurans in their elections too. US troops also fought in Yugoslavia.
1920 For two weeks the US fought unionists in Guatemala.
1920-1921 Our troops bombed and fought mine workers in West Virginia.
1922 The US fought nationalists in Turkey.
1922-1927 US naval troops intervened in a nationalist revolt in China.
1923 The US bombed Mexico.
1924-1925 US troops landed twice in Honduras during election troubles.
1925 The US sent Marines to suppress strikes in Panama.
1927-1934 The US had troops stationed all over China.
1932 The US sent warships to El Salvador. They also had federal troops suppress a protest by WWI vets protesting their lack of pay in no less than Washington DC.
1939-1945 World War II. The US ended this one with the mother of all bombs, no less than TWO nuclear bombs!
1943 US troops suppressed a black rebellion in Detroit.
1946 The US figured the nuclear threat they possessed was such an effective tool that they threatened both Iran and Yugoslavia with it. In 1947 they did a “threepeat” by threatening Uruguay.
1947-1949 The US directed one side of the civil war in Greece.
1948-1949 US troops evacuated Americans from China before the Communists took over.
1948-1954 The US' CIA directed the Huk rebellion in the Philippines.
1950-2000
1950-1953 Korean War. The US bombed both Korea and China.
1953 The US' CIA overthrew Iran’s democracy and installed the Shah.
1954 The US bombed Guatemala. Being a generally friendly folk, they offered nuclear bombs to France to help them during their Vietnam troubles. They also had the CIA direct an invasion of Nicaragua and bombers from Guatemala when some of their assets were nationalized.
1955 April 18th, Albert Einstein died.
1955-1975 Vietnam War. The US bombed them from 1961-1973
1958 The US bombed Indonesia.
1958 The US sent naval troops including Marines and the Army to occupy in Lebanon. That same year they sent troops into Panama.
1960 The US bombed Guatemala
1959-1961 The US bombed Cuba
1962 The US blockaded Cuba and nearly went into a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, China initiated the high-altitude Sino-India War.
1963 The CIA orchestrated a coup that assassinated the president of Iraq, brought the Ba’ath party into power and and brought a little known man by the name of Saddam Hussein in to become the head of Iraq’s secret service.
1964 The US bombed Congo. Their troops also shot people in Panama who were protesting and calling for the return of the Panama Canal that they took from them back in 1914.
1964-1973 The US bombed Laos
1965 The CIA assisted in a coup in Indonesia that resulted in over one million deaths.
1965-1966 The US bombed the Dominican Republic and sent troops in over an election.
1966-1967 US Green Berets fought rebels in Guatemala.
1967 The US Army killed 43 African Americans in Detroit.
1967-1969 The US bombed Guatemala
1969-1975 The US bombed Cambodia; sent our Navy and put troops on the soil in a war that ended up killing over two million. From 1971 to 1973 they carpet bombed them while directing the South Vietnamese invasion.
1970 The US directed Iran’s naval invasion of Oman.
1973 The US Army directed the action against the Lakotas in Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
1973 The CIA directed a coup against a lawfully elected Marxist president in Chile.
1975 The US gassed a Khmer ship in Cambodia, not realizing that the crew had already been released. So a) they were willing to gas the ship with friendlies on board and b) their intel was terrible.
1976-1992 The CIA directed South-African backed rebels in Angola.
1981 US jets shot down two Libyan jets on maneuvers.
1983 The US bombed Grenada, Lebanon and Syria
1986 The US bombed Libya. When France refused them airspace for their flights, they bombed so close to the French embassy in Libya that the building was badly damaged and its communications lines were shut down.
1981-1990 The CIA directed the Contras and planted harbor mines in Nicaragua.
1980s The US Bombed El Salvador and Nicaragua
1982-1984 The US Navy bombed and shelled Lebanon. It was during this period that 241 Marines were killed in a Shi’a bomb attack on their barracks.
1983-1984 The US bombed and invaded Grenada four years after their revolution.
1983-1989 The US conducted “maneuvers” that ended up allowing them to build the Soto Cano Airbase base near the border of Nicaragua. From then on, after bribing Honduran officials to look the other way, they sent irregular troops into Nicaragua on a routine basis. Soto Cano was notorious for human rights abuses in the 1980s.
1984 The US shot down two Iranian jets over the Persian Gulf
1986 The US navy conducted air strikes and bombing to topple the nationalist government of Libya.
1986 The US Army helped raid cocaine fields in Bolivia.
1987-1988 The US helped Iraq in its war on Iran using their Navy to bomb Iran
1989 The US Navy shot down two Libyan jets
1989 US troops suppressed unrest in St. Croix of the Virgin Islands.
1989 US jets provided air cover to aid the government of the Philippines against an attempted coup.
1989 In December “Operation Just Cause” invaded and bombed Panama. Manuel Noriega was deposed, Endara was sworn in and the Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved. By the way, Noriega had served as a US intelligence asset and was a paid informant (to the tune of $100,000 a year till the 1980 then $200,000 a year) of the CIA since 1967.
1990 US troops evacuated foreigners during Liberia’s civil war.
1990-1991 First Persian Gulf War (Desert Shield 8/90; Desert Storm 1-2/91) This entailed massive bombing of both Iraq and Kuwait. The US kept bombing Iraq on a regular basis all the way through the end of the Second Gulf War (see below). US troops were stationed in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, and Israel. More than 200,000 died in Iraq and Kuwait.
1991 The US Navy bombed Kuwait and their troops forcefully returned the Kuwait royal family to the throne.
1991-2003 The US continuously enforced a no-fly zone in Iraq; dished out constant air strikes and its Navy enforced economic sanctions.
1992 The US Army and Marines were deployed against an anti-police riot in Los Angeles, California.
1992-1994 The US Navy bombed and their troops invaded and continued to occupy Somalia in a failed attempt to overthrow a Mogadishu faction.
1992-1994 The US' Navy participated in a NATO blockade of Serbia and Montenegro.
1993-1995 US Jets bombed and patrolled a no-fly zone in Bosnia.
1994 The US Navy blockaded the military government of Haiti and our troops restored President Aristide to his office three years after a coup against him.
1996-1997 US troops were in Zaire at Rwandan Hutu refugee camps when the revolution began. They also came under brief fire in Liberia while evacuating foreigners.
1997 US troops again came under fire while evacuating foreigners in Albania.
1998 The US bombed Sudan with missiles in an attack on a pharmaceutical plant that was supposed to be producing nerve gas for terrorists.
1998 The US sent missiles against former CIA training camps in Afghanistan that had been taken over by Islamic fundamentalist groups.
1998 The US bombed and sent missiles against Iraq when our weapons inspectors complained they were being obstructed.
1999 The US bombed Yugoslavia; they also “accidentally” bombed the Chinese embassy while bombing Kosovo on May 7, 1999.
1953 The US' CIA overthrew Iran’s democracy and installed the Shah.
1954 The US bombed Guatemala. Being a generally friendly folk, they offered nuclear bombs to France to help them during their Vietnam troubles. They also had the CIA direct an invasion of Nicaragua and bombers from Guatemala when some of their assets were nationalized.
1955 April 18th, Albert Einstein died.
1955-1975 Vietnam War. The US bombed them from 1961-1973
1958 The US bombed Indonesia.
1958 The US sent naval troops including Marines and the Army to occupy in Lebanon. That same year they sent troops into Panama.
1960 The US bombed Guatemala
1959-1961 The US bombed Cuba
1962 The US blockaded Cuba and nearly went into a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, China initiated the high-altitude Sino-India War.
1963 The CIA orchestrated a coup that assassinated the president of Iraq, brought the Ba’ath party into power and and brought a little known man by the name of Saddam Hussein in to become the head of Iraq’s secret service.
1964 The US bombed Congo. Their troops also shot people in Panama who were protesting and calling for the return of the Panama Canal that they took from them back in 1914.
1964-1973 The US bombed Laos
1965 The CIA assisted in a coup in Indonesia that resulted in over one million deaths.
1965-1966 The US bombed the Dominican Republic and sent troops in over an election.
1966-1967 US Green Berets fought rebels in Guatemala.
1967 The US Army killed 43 African Americans in Detroit.
1967-1969 The US bombed Guatemala
1969-1975 The US bombed Cambodia; sent our Navy and put troops on the soil in a war that ended up killing over two million. From 1971 to 1973 they carpet bombed them while directing the South Vietnamese invasion.
1970 The US directed Iran’s naval invasion of Oman.
1973 The US Army directed the action against the Lakotas in Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
1973 The CIA directed a coup against a lawfully elected Marxist president in Chile.
1975 The US gassed a Khmer ship in Cambodia, not realizing that the crew had already been released. So a) they were willing to gas the ship with friendlies on board and b) their intel was terrible.
1976-1992 The CIA directed South-African backed rebels in Angola.
1981 US jets shot down two Libyan jets on maneuvers.
1983 The US bombed Grenada, Lebanon and Syria
1986 The US bombed Libya. When France refused them airspace for their flights, they bombed so close to the French embassy in Libya that the building was badly damaged and its communications lines were shut down.
1981-1990 The CIA directed the Contras and planted harbor mines in Nicaragua.
1980s The US Bombed El Salvador and Nicaragua
1982-1984 The US Navy bombed and shelled Lebanon. It was during this period that 241 Marines were killed in a Shi’a bomb attack on their barracks.
1983-1984 The US bombed and invaded Grenada four years after their revolution.
1983-1989 The US conducted “maneuvers” that ended up allowing them to build the Soto Cano Airbase base near the border of Nicaragua. From then on, after bribing Honduran officials to look the other way, they sent irregular troops into Nicaragua on a routine basis. Soto Cano was notorious for human rights abuses in the 1980s.
1984 The US shot down two Iranian jets over the Persian Gulf
1986 The US navy conducted air strikes and bombing to topple the nationalist government of Libya.
1986 The US Army helped raid cocaine fields in Bolivia.
1987-1988 The US helped Iraq in its war on Iran using their Navy to bomb Iran
1989 The US Navy shot down two Libyan jets
1989 US troops suppressed unrest in St. Croix of the Virgin Islands.
1989 US jets provided air cover to aid the government of the Philippines against an attempted coup.
1989 In December “Operation Just Cause” invaded and bombed Panama. Manuel Noriega was deposed, Endara was sworn in and the Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved. By the way, Noriega had served as a US intelligence asset and was a paid informant (to the tune of $100,000 a year till the 1980 then $200,000 a year) of the CIA since 1967.
1990 US troops evacuated foreigners during Liberia’s civil war.
1990-1991 First Persian Gulf War (Desert Shield 8/90; Desert Storm 1-2/91) This entailed massive bombing of both Iraq and Kuwait. The US kept bombing Iraq on a regular basis all the way through the end of the Second Gulf War (see below). US troops were stationed in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, and Israel. More than 200,000 died in Iraq and Kuwait.
1991 The US Navy bombed Kuwait and their troops forcefully returned the Kuwait royal family to the throne.
1991-2003 The US continuously enforced a no-fly zone in Iraq; dished out constant air strikes and its Navy enforced economic sanctions.
1992 The US Army and Marines were deployed against an anti-police riot in Los Angeles, California.
1992-1994 The US Navy bombed and their troops invaded and continued to occupy Somalia in a failed attempt to overthrow a Mogadishu faction.
1992-1994 The US' Navy participated in a NATO blockade of Serbia and Montenegro.
1993-1995 US Jets bombed and patrolled a no-fly zone in Bosnia.
1994 The US Navy blockaded the military government of Haiti and our troops restored President Aristide to his office three years after a coup against him.
1996-1997 US troops were in Zaire at Rwandan Hutu refugee camps when the revolution began. They also came under brief fire in Liberia while evacuating foreigners.
1997 US troops again came under fire while evacuating foreigners in Albania.
1998 The US bombed Sudan with missiles in an attack on a pharmaceutical plant that was supposed to be producing nerve gas for terrorists.
1998 The US sent missiles against former CIA training camps in Afghanistan that had been taken over by Islamic fundamentalist groups.
1998 The US bombed and sent missiles against Iraq when our weapons inspectors complained they were being obstructed.
1999 The US bombed Yugoslavia; they also “accidentally” bombed the Chinese embassy while bombing Kosovo on May 7, 1999.
2000+
2001 Our troops pushed back and disarmed Albanian rebels in Macedonia.
October 2001 to present Operation Enduring Freedom (10 years)
2001 till present Bombed Afghanistan
2002 Bombed Yemen and had a Predator drone missile attack on Al Qaeda.
2002 A naval training mission in the Philippines devolved into a series of combat missions in Sulu Archipelago, west of Mindanao.
2002-2003 Bombed Pakistan
2003 US Spec Ops backed up the Columbian military in protecting the oil pipeline in Columbia.
2003 Brief peace-keeping intervention in Liberia.
2003-2011 Second Persian Gulf War - Iraqi Freedom (8 years) So basically we bombed Iraq from August of 1990 until 2010, a total of about 20 years. We also “accidentally” hit Iran in April of 2003. We toppled Sadam Hussein (remember – the guy we helped install?)
2004-2005 Our Navy and troops land in Haiti after Aristide is ousted by rebels. Remember this is the guy we invaded Haiti over and installed back in 1994?
2005 till now CIA missile strikes, Spec Ops raids, bombs, Predator strikes in Pakistan
2006-2008 We sent cruise missiles, the navy, troops, and AC-130 strikes to topple the Islamist government in Somalia. We also blockaded the country in an effort to control pirates.
2008 A Spec Ops helicopter raid in Syria killed 8 Syrian civilians.
2009 We sent cruise missiles into Yemen, killing 49 civilians. We also directed Yemeni military assaults on rebels.
2011 Bombed Somalia
2011 Bombed Yemen
2011 Bombed and sent missiles against Libya
October 2001 to present Operation Enduring Freedom (10 years)
- Afghanistan
- Philippines
- Somalia / Horn of Africa; we bombed them in 1993
- Georgia
- Kyrgyzstan
2001 till present Bombed Afghanistan
2002 Bombed Yemen and had a Predator drone missile attack on Al Qaeda.
2002 A naval training mission in the Philippines devolved into a series of combat missions in Sulu Archipelago, west of Mindanao.
2002-2003 Bombed Pakistan
2003 US Spec Ops backed up the Columbian military in protecting the oil pipeline in Columbia.
2003 Brief peace-keeping intervention in Liberia.
2003-2011 Second Persian Gulf War - Iraqi Freedom (8 years) So basically we bombed Iraq from August of 1990 until 2010, a total of about 20 years. We also “accidentally” hit Iran in April of 2003. We toppled Sadam Hussein (remember – the guy we helped install?)
2004-2005 Our Navy and troops land in Haiti after Aristide is ousted by rebels. Remember this is the guy we invaded Haiti over and installed back in 1994?
2005 till now CIA missile strikes, Spec Ops raids, bombs, Predator strikes in Pakistan
2006-2008 We sent cruise missiles, the navy, troops, and AC-130 strikes to topple the Islamist government in Somalia. We also blockaded the country in an effort to control pirates.
2008 A Spec Ops helicopter raid in Syria killed 8 Syrian civilians.
2009 We sent cruise missiles into Yemen, killing 49 civilians. We also directed Yemeni military assaults on rebels.
2011 Bombed Somalia
2011 Bombed Yemen
2011 Bombed and sent missiles against Libya
